Ch 8 Chemical Industry

8/11/2019 Ch 8 Chemical Industry

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1. PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS AND THEIR USES

1. An alloy can be a mixture of several metals or amixture of metals and non-metals.

Foreignatom

Examples of alloys ,their composition and uses

Alloy Composition Properties Examples of uses

Duralumin

Aluminium - 95 %Copper - 4 %

Other metals -1 %

LightResistant to corrosion

Used in aircraft

construction

BronzeCopper - 88 %Tin -12 %

Hardresistant to corrosion

Medals , coins, statue

PewterTin -97 %antimony & copper - 3 %

Shiny, resistant tocorrosion

i ornamentsii medals

SteelIron – 99 %Carbon – 1 %

HardResistant to corrosion

construction such asbuilding, bridge and carbodies

BrassCopper -75 %Zinc - 25 %

StrongShinningResistant to corrosion

i electrical fittingsii ornamentsiii musical instruments

Superconductor Alloy

1. Characteristics of superconductor:

has very small electrical resistance.

It produces less heat when electrical current passes through.

Avoid wastage of energy

It is very light

Produces magnetic power that is stronger than the magnet2. Superconductor alloy is used in the bullet trains.

2. PRODUCTION AND USES OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY

1. Ammonia is a colourless , pungent gas2. Ammonia is highly soluble in water forming ammonium hydroxide

Uses of ammonia Synthetic fertilizer, Nitric acid, Cleaning agent. Colouring, Preventing latex clotting

Explosive materials

The Production of Ammonia in Industry

1. Ammonia is mass produced through a process called Haber process.2. The process was introduced by a chemist named Fritz Haber3. The chemical reaction for the production of ammonia is as follows:

4. Haber process involves mixing nitrogen and hydrogen gases at a ratio of 1:3

Hydrogen + Nitrogen Ammonia

CHAPTER 8 : CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY

Pure metalatom

2. In general, the properties ofalloys are:

Stronger and harderthan pure metals

Resistant to corrosion

Have better appearance




D. Radioactive waste1. Examples of radioactive waste:

Nuclear weapon industry

Nuclear substances from nuclear reactor2. Exposure to radiations may cause:

Cancer, Growth defects in children, Infertility in adults and death

Methods of Controlling Industrial Waste Disposal

Use of technology

Legislation

Education

Method of disposing industrial wastes

Types of industrial waste Method

Toxic wasteOxidation pool to carry out biological and chemicalprocesses

Carbon monoxide High chimney with electrostatic comparator

Acidic gas ( sulphur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide ) The use of air cleaning system

RadioactiveStore in a container made of thick layer of lead followedby standard disposal procedure

Solid waste of oil palm Processed to make fuel or food for livestock

Preservation and Conservation of the EnvironmentEffects of pollution

Types of pollution Effects on environment and human being

Water pollution Water becomes toxic

Death .

Air pollution Lung diseases

Acid rain

Thermal pollution Harmful to aquatic life

Increase the surrounding temperature

Radioactive pollution Genetic diseases such as cancer, growth disability and

infertility

Pollution can also cause the following phenomena

Phenomenon Effects on environment and human beings

Greenhouse effect Sea level rises because of the melting of ice at the poles

The size of desert increases

Ozone layer Skin cancer, cataract

Acid rain Extinction of species, corrosion of man-made structures

Haze Problems with respiratory system

Among the importance of practicing proper ways of disposing industrial wastes are:a) the industrial waste will not harm our healthb) to protect the flora and faunac) to ensure the continuity of the next generation




PAPER 1

1 Which of the following process is to increase the hardness of metal?

A. AlloyingB. ElectrolysisC. PolymerisationD. Crystallization

2. What is an alloy?

A. A metallic compoundB. A mixture of two elementsC. A mixture of metal and another metalD. A mixture of two or more non-metals

3. Substance X is a mixture of two metals. What is substance X?

A. An alloyB. An elementC. A compoundD. An electrolyte

4. Why is brass an alloy ?

A. It is softB. It is malleableC. Resistant to corrosion

D. Contains metal and non-metal

5. Which of the following is the property of alloy compared to metal?

A. HarderB. MalleableC. More heavyD. Less resistant to corrosion

6. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

What is the function of carbon atoms ?

A. To reduce the boiling pointB. To make metal more corrosiveC. Prevent electric flow in metal atomsD. Prevent layers of metal atoms from sliding

Carbon atom

Iron atom




13. Bronze is harder and stronger than copper. What is the function of foreignatoms in bronze?

A. Increase the melting point of copperB. Increase the force of attraction between copper atomsC. Stop the copper atoms from vibrating at their fixed positionD. Stop the rows of copper atoms from sliding over one another

14. Which of the following substances have no resistance to the flow ofelectricity?

A. AlloysB. MetalsC. Non-metalD. Superconductors

15. What is superconductor alloy?

A. A substance which is good conductor of heatB. A substance which has an efficient current flowC. A substances with zero resistance at a high temperatureD. A substance with an electrical resistance that is directly proportional to

temperature

16. Ani’s mother realized that her gold ring can easily bent.How can she harden it?

A. Add more gold to it

B. Melt and remould itC. Knock it to its original shapeD. Melt it and add other elements to it

17 . Which of the following elements are the components of brass?

A. Tin and leadB. Lead and copperC. Copper and zincD. Copper and carbon

18. What is the purpose of adding carbon to iron in the manufacture of steel ?

A. Lower the melting pointB. Make the metal even softerC. Prevent the flow of electric current among the atomsD. Prevent the iron atoms from sliding among one another

19. What are the main metals that make up pewter?

A. Tin and ironB. Tin and leadC. Copper and zincD. Tin and antimony and copper




20. What is the function of the added foreign atoms in an alloy?

A. To give off radiation when the alloy is hotB. To reacts chemically with the pure metal atomsC. To help to increase the vibration among the metal atomsD. To prevent the layer of pure metal atoms from sliding among

themselves

21. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in alloy X.

What is alloy X?

A. Steel C. BronzeB. Brass D. Duralumin

22. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in substance Z.

What is the function of the added atoms?

A. The added atoms are harderB. The added atoms increase the force among the metallic atomsC. The added atoms stop the rows of metallic atoms from slidingD. There is a strong force among the added atoms and the metallic atoms

23. The following table shows alloys and their usesWhich of the following pairs is true?

Alloy Uses

A. Duralumin Aircraft bodiesB. Brass Bridge and building

C. Pewter Medal and swords

D. Steel Mugs and ornaments

24. What is the name of the process to produce ammonia in an industry?

A. Haber processB. Contact processC. Reversible processD. Refining process

Added atom

Carbon atom

Iron atom




25. The equation below shows process to produce ammonia.

Nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia

What is the ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen?

A. 3 : 1B. 1 : 3C. 2 : 1D. 3 : 2

26. Which of the following is the source of nitrogen used in manufacturingammonia?

A. AirB. Water

C. Acid aminoD. Natural gas

27. Which of the following catalyst is used in the production of ammonia ?

A. Iron fillingB. Nickel sheetC. Platinum fillingD. Vanadium filling

28. What is the use of ammonia in industry?

A. Production of alloyB Production of nitric acidC. Coagulation of rubber latexD. As a catalyst in production of sulfuric acid

29. The information below shows the industrial products made from substance P.

What is substance P?

A. UreaB. AlcoholC. NitrogenD. Ammonia

DetergentFertilizerNitric acid




30. Which of the combination can optimize the production of ammonia in theindustry?

A. PressureB. TemperatureC. Pressure and temperatureD. Pressure , temperature and catalyst

31. The following equation shows the production of substance X.

What could substance X?

A. Urea

B. Ammonium saltC. Ammonium nitricD. Ammonium nitrate

32. Which of the following needs to be added to ammonium solution to produceammonium nitrate salt?

A. Nitric acidB. Sodium nitrateC. Hydrochloric acidD. Potassium hydroxide

33. Which of the following is used to react with ammonia to produce urea?

A. OxygenB. NitrogenC. HydrogenD. Carbon dioxide

34. Which of the following is true about urea?

A. It is not soluble in waterB. It is used to make plasticC. It is important nitrogenous fertilizerD. It is convertible to ammonia and oxygen

35. Which of the following are the uses of ammonia?

A. Making fertilizer, candleB. Making nitric acid, detergentC. Making plastic , sulfuric acidD. Making nitric acid , sulfuric acid

Ammonia + Nitric acid X




36. Choose the correct match between industrial wastes and the method ofcontrolling them.

Industrial wastes Methods of controlling

A Radioactive wastes Recycle

B Toxic wastes Flow out to the riverC Oil palm Open burning

D Soot and dust Electrostatic precipitator

37. Which of the following gases is released by the burning of fossil fuels thatcontributes to the formation of acid rain?

A. OxygenB. Carbon dioxideC. Sulphur dioxideD. Carbon monoxide

38. Why is radioactive wastes have to be disposed properly ?

A. Attract microorganismsB. Still release nuclear energyC. Decay and release harmful radiationD. React with other elements to produce poisons

39. Which of the following methods is the most suitable to dispose radioactivewastes?

A. Exposing to sunlightB. Burying underground

C. Burning in a closed chamberD. Treating with microorganism

40. Which of the following is the major source of carbon monoxidepollutant in air?

A. Burning fossil fuelB. Disposal of agricultural wastesC. Disposal of radioactive wastesD. Decomposition of chemical wastes

41. Which of the following air pollutants reduces the ability of blood in oxygentransport ?

A. Carbon dioxideB. Sulphur dioxideC. Nitrogen dioxideD. Carbon monoxide

42. Which of the following substances will cause the greenhouse effect ?

A. OzoneB. Carbon dioxide

C. Nitrogen dioxideD. Carbon monoxide




43. Which of the following situation is cause by greenhouse effect ?

A. Atmospheric temperature decreaseB. Atmospheric temperature increasesC. Plant gradually cover the whole earth surfaceD. Only green light can pass through the atmosphere of the earth

44. Overuse of pesticides and fertilizer in an agricultural area will pollute thewater source nearby. What is the effect of this pollution on the watersource and aquatic life?

A. The water become cloudyB. The water temperature increasesC. The quantity of oxygen decreasesD. The water becomes poisonous to aquatic life

45. Which of the following methods is used to control pollution of theenvironment?

A. The use of leaded petrolB. Disposal untreated chemical wasteC. The burning of industrial wastes in the open areaD. The fixing of electrostatic precipitators at the factories

46. What is the effect of improper radioactive waste disposal to humans?

A. Causes mutationB. Causes lung cancer

C. Causes heart diseaseD. Causes brain retardation

47. Which of the following methods is the most effective way to reduce thedisposal of pollutant to the environment ?

A. Law enforcementB. Educate the peopleC. Advertise how to dispose industrial wasteD. Treat industrial waste using latest technology

48. Which of the following promotes the growth of algae?

A. Mining industryB. Weapon industryC. Chemical industryD. Agricultural industry




49. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

Which of the following pairs represents atoms X and Y?

Atom X Atom Y

A Copper Tin

B Iron Carbon

C Aluminium Copper

D Zinc Iron

50. How can a sheet of soft pure iron can be made stronger and harder?

A. By adding acidB. By knocking it hardC. By adding more pure ironD. By melting it and adding some carbon

Atom X

Atom Y




PAPER 2

SECTION A

1. Diagram 1 shows the experiment to study the properties of alloy.

DIAGRAM 1

a) Based on the observation of the experiment, state the hypothesis.

……………………………………………………………………………………… (1M)

b) State the variables in this experiment.

i) Manipulated variable :

………………………………………………………..

ii) Responding variable :

……………………………………………………….. (2M

c) Steel spoon is an alloy.State the operational definition of alloy.

……………………………………………………………………………………… (1M)

Iron spoon Steel spoon

Bright andshiny

Become dull Bright and shiny

After 3 days

Sodium chloridesolution




2. Diagram 2 shows three samples of water from different sources

DIAGRAM 2

a) What is the observation from the experiment?

……………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………. (1 Mark)

b) What is the inference from the observation?

……………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………….. (1 Mark)

c) State the variables

i) Manipulated variable : …………………………………………

ii) Responding variable :………………………………………….

iii) Constant variable :……………………………………………. (3 Marks)

Can X Can Y Can Z

Tap waterpH 7

River waternear factory

pH 5

Sea waterpH 6




3. Diagram 3 shows an experiment to compare the hardness of iron and steel.1 kg load is dropped on to the ball bearing on each block from the sameheight. The dent on each block then measured.

DIAGRAM 3

Table 3 below shows the dent area on the block when the loads are dropped.

Types of block The dent area on the block

Iron 10mm

Steel 5 mm

TABLE 3

a) From Table 3, write an observation when 1 kg load are dropped on the block.

………………………………………………………………………………….. (1M)

b) State the variables in this experiment.

i) Controlled variable :

……………………………………………………………………… (1M)

ii) Manipulated variable :

……………………………………………………………………… (1M)

c) Based on observation, state one inference that can be made.

………………………………………………………………………………….. (1M)

d) Give one reason, why metals are made into alloys?

………………………………………………………………………………… (1M)

1kg 1kg

Iron block Steel block

Load

Ballbearing




SECTION B

1. Table 4 shows number of pure atoms and foreign atoms in the copperand bronze.

MetalNumber of pure

atomNumber of

foreign atom Arrangement of atom

Copper20

0

Bronze 20 2

TABLE 4

a. Draw the arrangement of atoms in bronze on Table 4.(1M)

b. What is the purpose of adding foreign atoms in bronze?

………………..…………………………………………………………………… 1M)

c. Give one other property of bronze.

…………………………………………………………………………………….(1M)

d. State the composition of atoms in bronze.

…………………………………………………………………………………….. (1M)

e. Tick (/) the instruments that made from bronze. (1M)

Champion




2. Diagram 5 shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

DIAGRAM 5

a. Name the metal X and metal Y

i) Metal X : ………….……………..

ii) Metal Y : ……………………. (2M)

b. i) State one property of steel.

……………………………………………………………….

ii) Give one use of steel.

……………………………………………………………….. (2M)

c. Superconductor alloy is used in flow of electricity. Give one properties ofsuperconductor alloy.

………………………………………………………………………………………(1M)

3. Diagram 6 shows Haber process to produce ammonia in industry.

DIAGRAM 6

a) Label substance R in Diagram 6. (1M)

R : …………….

NITROGEN

AMMONIUM

Temperature 450oC

Catalyst S

Atom of metal X

Atom of metal Y




b) i) Name the catalyst S.

……………………………………………

ii) What is the function of catalyst?

…….…………………………………………………………………………(2M)

c) State the source of nitrogen in this process.

…………………………………………………………………………………… (1M)

d) This process release heat energy . Name the type of reaction involved.

……………………………………………………………… (1M)

e) State one use of ammonia.

……………………………………………………………… (1M)

SECTION C

1. Your father wants to build a wooden house. He needs some nails to fix it.His friend told that steel nails are better because they do not rust easily.Your father is curious to find out the difference of corrosion between the iron

nails and steel nails.

You help your father to do an experiment . You are given a steel nail, an ironnail and sodium chloride solution.

(a) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement (1M)

(b) Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in 1 (a) on the followingcriteria.

i) Aim of the experiment (1M)ii) Identification of variables (2M)

iii) List of apparatus and materials (1M)iv) Procedure or method (4M)v) Tabulation of data (1M)

2. a) i) State two differences of alloy and pure metal.ii) Give one example of alloy and metal. ( 4M )

b) You are given two types of metal as shown in diagram 7.



1 0

DIAGRAM 7

Choose the most suitable metal for built of construction such as bridgeand building.Explain your choice based on the following aspects:

Aim of the choice

Explanation on the advantages of each type of metal

List the type of metal according to its priority

The reason for your choice(6M)

3. a) Give three effects of toxic waste and one example of toxic waste fromthe rubber industry. ( 4M )

c) Diagram 8 shows three type of substances.

DIAGRAM 8

You are required to develop a concept of an alloy. Your answer shouldbe based on the following aspects:

Identify two common characteristics of an alloy

Develop an initial concept of an alloy

Give one example of an alloy and one which is not an alloy.

Give reason for each example. Build the real concept of alloy. ( 6M )

STEEL

Duralumin

Bronze SteelSUBSTANCES

BRONZE IRON

Ch 8 Chemical Industry

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