Ch 7 Skeletal system The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system – Bones (skeleton) –...
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![Page 1: Ch 7 Skeletal system The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system – Bones (skeleton) – Joints – Cartilages – Ligaments Divided into two divisions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081514/5697c0051a28abf838cc4cd3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Ch 7 Skeletal system
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The Skeletal System
• Parts of the skeletal system– Bones (skeleton)– Joints– Cartilages– Ligaments
• Divided into two divisions– Axial skeleton- head, spine, trunk– Appendicular skeleton
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
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The Skull• Two sets of bones– Cranium– Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures• Only the mandible is attached by a freely
movable joint
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Skull cavities
• Cranial= brain• Middle & inner ear= protect delicate ear
bones and nerves• Nasal= allow for the warming & cleaning of air• Orbital= eyeballs
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The Skull
Figure 5.7
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Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
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• The skull can be so thin because it has a dome shape which supports itself.
• Like an egg is strong• Or a domed building• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=nn5s6aSccfw• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiRw-
PzLiXQ
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Mastoid sinus
• Behind ear near throat. Can become infected. Mastoiditis.
• Now we use antibiotics… used to have surgery!
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mandible
• The largest and strongest in the skull
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Paranasal Sinuses• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the
nasal cavity• Functions of paranasal sinuses– Lighten the skull– Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
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The Hyoid Bone• The only bone that
does not articulate with another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
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The Vertebral Column• Vertebrae separated
by intervertebral discs
• The spine has a normal curvature
• Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
Figure 5.14
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Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Figure 5.17c–d
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• Incorrectly curved spine: Kyphosis (hunch back) or Lordosis (hyper curved lumbar) or scoliosis (to the side)
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• Intervertebral disks: cushion between vertebra add flexibility & reduce shock.
• If a disk is injured it can become herniated. This is when part of the disk bulges out
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Ch 6-bones
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Crash course Skeletal system
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RW46rQKWa-g
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Bones of the Human Body• The adult skeleton has 206 bones• Two basic types of bone tissue–Compact bone• Homogeneous
– Spongy bone• Small needle-like
pieces of bone•Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Classification of Bones
• Long bones– Typically longer than wide–Have a shaft with heads at both ends–Contain mostly compact bone• Examples: Femur, humerus
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Classification of Bones
• Short bones–Generally cube-shape–Contain mostly spongy bone• Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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Classification of Bones
• Flat bones– Thin and flattened–Usually curved– Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone• Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Classification of Bones
• Irregular bones– Irregular shape–Do not fit into other bone classification
categories• Example: Vertebrae and hip
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Functions of Bones
1. Support of the body2. Protection of soft organs3. Movement due to attached skeletal muscles4. Storage of minerals and fats5. Blood cell formation
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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
• Diaphysis– Shaft–Composed of
compact bone• Epiphysis – Ends of the bone–Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long Bone
• Periosteum–Outside covering
of the diaphysis– Fibrous connective
tissue membrane• Arteries– Supply bone cells
with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
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Structures of a Long Bone
• cartilage–Covers the
external surface of the epiphyses–Decreases friction
at joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long Bone
• Medullary cavity–Cavity of the shaft–Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat) in adults–Contains red marrow
(for blood cell formation) in infants
Figure 5.2a
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone• Osteon (Haversian System)–A unit of bone
• Central (Haversian) canal–Opening in the center of an osteon–Carries blood vessels and nerves
• Perforating (Volkman’s) canal–Canal perpendicular to the central canal–Carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone• Lacunae–Cavities containing
bone cells (osteocytes)–Arranged in concentric
rings• Lamellae–Rings of dense bone
tissue around the central canal– Sites of lacunae Detail of Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone• Canaliculi – Tiny canals–Radiate from the
central canal to lacunae– Form a transport
system
Detail of Figure 5.3
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Types of Bone Cells• Osteocytes– Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts– Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts– Bone-destroying cells– Break down bone matrix for remodeling
and release of calcium• Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts: Build up and break down all of the time!
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Bone Fractures• A break in a bone• Types of bone fractures–Closed (simple) fracture – break that does
not penetrate the skin–Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and
immobilization–Realignment of the bone
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Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
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Repair of Bone Fractures1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
callus3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony
callus4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
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• This area of the bone is now super strong. Because of the density the bone will not re-break here. It is scarred.
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5
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Joints
A. Functions of joints1. Hold bones together2. Allow for mobility
B. 3 types1.Fibrous joints
a. Generally immovable (end tibia & fibula)2. Cartilaginous joints
b. Immovable or slightly moveable (vertebral column)
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3. Synovial jointsc. Allow for movement
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C. Synovial Joints
1. bones are separated by a joint cavity
2. Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavitya. Cracking your
knuckles is pushing the fluid around in these joints
Figure 5.24f–h
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Features of Synovial Joints
3. cartilage covers the ends of bones4.Ligaments reinforce the joint- if you have
“loose” ligaments you are “double jointed”!D. Associated Structures
1.Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluida. Not actually part of the joint, can become
inflamed (bursitis)
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The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29a–c
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Figure 5.29d–f
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VI. Types of Body Movements
A. All of the joints allow for the following movements
1. Flexion2. Extension3. Rotation4. Abduction5. Adduction6. Circumduction
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Body Movements
Figure 6.13a–c
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Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
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1. Special Movementsa. Dorsifelxionb. Plantar flexionc. Inversiond. Eversione. Supinationf. Pronation