C H. 5 . 1 0 - 5 . 1 6 , C H . 6 & C H . 7

CELL ENERGY & ENZYMES

CELLS MUST CREATE AND/OR PROCESS ENERGY USING CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

• ENZYMES:

• CATALYST: a substance that causes a chemical reaction to ______________ The substance is not changed or used up.

WHAT ARE ENZYMES?

• Most enzymes are ____________________

• Act as a _____________ to accelerate reactions

• ______________________ changed in the process

ENZYMES•___________ for what they catalyze

•Are _________•End in “_____”

HOW DO ENZYMES WORK?

Enzymes work by ______________________, which lowers the __________________________________

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html

THE ENZYME–SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

Substrate Joins Enzyme

ACTIVE SITE

SubstrateEnzyme

Active Site

WHAT AFFECTS ENZYME ACTIVITY?

Three factors…1. 2. 3.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

• Extreme __________________ are the most dangerous

• _________ (most “like” _______________, near neutral)

• ____________________________ (_________________)

Example: ____________ must be present in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

COFACTORS & COENZYMES

1. Competitive inhibitors:

Enzyme

Competitive inhibitor

Substrate

2 TYPES OF ENZYME INHIBITORS

2. Non-competitive inhibitors:

Enzymeactive site altered

NoncompetitiveInhibitor

Substrate

2 TYPES OF ENZYME INHIBITORS

ENZYMATCH.COM

• Understanding the importance of finding your perfect lock or key!

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PURPOSE OF ENZYMES:

• 1. (ex. synthesis of DNA)

• 2. (ex. digestion of foods)

• 3.

Enzymes A Fun Introduction:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4&feature=related

ANABOLIC REACTIONS CATABOLIC REACTIONS

•

• Example: Photosynthesis

•

• Example: Cellular Respiration

ANABOLIC VS. CATABOLIC

MEMORY TRICK!

•A•B•C

•D

EXAMPLES OF ENZYMES

Enzyme Name Job

Lipase Breaks down lipids (fats)

Peptidase Breaks down peptide ponds that hold amino acids together (proteins)

Lactase Breaks down lactose found in dairy products

Cellulase Breaks down cellulose found in cell walls

Pectinase Breaks down pectin found in cell walls

Polymerase Builds DNA and RNA

Lactose

Glucose + Galactose

Disaccharide

Monosaccharide

Monosaccharide

LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

www.unitedstreaming.com

GHScardinalgreenwich

- “Lactose Intolerance”

• CATALASE is an enzyme found in living things. Its job is to break down the poison hydrogen peroxide.

• Substrate(s)?• Enzyme?• Reactant (s)?• Product(s)? 

 

catalase 2 H2O2 2

H2O + O2

•

•

• OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE: a specific temperature at which an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest

DO ALL ORGANISMS HAVE THE SAME OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE FOR THEIR ENZYMES?

An enzyme found in Wild Alaskan

Salmon

An enzyme found in Bacteria

An enzyme found in Humans

• pH: Each enzyme works within a small pH range. When an enzyme is NOT in its optimal pH environment the active site of the enzyme changes shape.

• Acidic pH levels:

• Neutral pH level:  • Basic pH levels:  

• OPTIMAL pH: a specific pH level at which an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest.

THE SAME GOES FOR ______

DO ALL ENZYMES IN AN ORGANISM HAVE THE SAME OPTIMUM PH?

Amylase

Pepsin

Trypsin

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN ENZYME REACHES PAST IT’S OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE OR pH?

DENATURATION (denature):

Denatured proteins will not go back to their original shape!!

CELL ENERGY

Photosynthesis

Cell Respiration

• Photosynthesis:

• Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

CHLOROPLAST

ANATOMY OF A CHLOROPLAST

HOW DOES THE CHLOROPLAST ABSORB SUNLIGHT ENERGY?

• Pigments:

• Chlorophyll a (green) • Chlorophyll b (green)• Carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)

Chlorophylls absorb most strongly in the ____________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This is why plant parts that contain chlorophyll appear green to the human eye.

Reactants(Into the Chloroplast)

Products(Out of the Chloroplast)

Word Formula

Chemical Formula

PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW

PART 1: LIGHT REACTION

PART 2: CALVIN CYCLE

THOMAS ENGELMANN’S EXPERIMENT

What is a valid conclusion based on this graph?

O2 production decreases as the wavelength increases from 550 – 650 nm

Respiration rate in bacteria is greatest at 550 nm

Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light

The algae absorb the greatest amount of O2 in red light

THOMAS ENGELMANN’S EXPERIMENT

Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light

Evidence:

1.

2.

3. Animation of experiment

PHOTOSYNTHESIS DRAWINGS!

Photosynthesis Overview – Page 118

Light Reaction in detail – Page 114Calvin Cycle in detail – Page 116

Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR

CELL ENERGY

Photosynthesis

Cell Respiration

BREAKS DOWN INTO MICROSCOPIC MOLECULES

Loaf of bread Bread crumbs

GLUCOSE’S FINAL DESTINATION…

MITOCHONDRIA!!!

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

The energy is released in the form of ___________!!!!

GLUCOSE ENERGY (ATP)

Cellular Respiration

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

• ATP:

• Cellular Activities that require ATP:• Active Transport of the cell membrane• Making new DNA and new cells• Muscle contractions • Nerve impulses

Glucose ATP

ATP FUNCTION

ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN:

The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

Reactants(Into

Mitochondria)

Products (Out of

Mitochondria)

Word Formula

Chemical Formula

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

WHAT TYPE OF ORGANISMS PERFORM CELLULAR RESPIRATION?

AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS

•

• AKA: producer

• Examples: plants, algae & some bacteria

•

• AKA: consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer, omnivore

• Examples: animals, fungi, & most bacteria

CELL RESPIRATION OVERVIEW

PART 1: GLYCOLYSIS

GLYCOLYSIS SUMMARY

TRANSITION TO KREBS / CITRIC ACID CYCLE

PART 2: KREBS / CITRIC ACID CYCLE

PART 3: OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

WITHOUT O2: FERMENTATION

CELL RESPIRATION REACTIONS

CELLULAR RESPIRATION DRAWINGS!

Cell Respiration Overview – Page 100

Glycolysis – Page 95Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle – Page 97

ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation)- Page 98Fermentation – Page 101

Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR

YEAST - MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS

Significance of Yeast

Food Industry

Medical

Biofuel Industry

ILLUSTRATE INTERDEPENDENCE

• Illustrate the interdependent relationship that occurs between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Performed by organisms.

• This cellular process occurs in cells, in the organelle called .

• Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy

• It is an reaction.

• CO2 and H2O are the

• Glucose and O2 are the

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• Performed by & organisms. 

• This cellular process occurs in & cells,in the organelle called .• Glucose is stored energy for the cell. ATP is usable

energy for the cell.

• It is a reaction.

• CO2 and H2O & ATP are the

• Glucose and O2 are the