Ch. 5 The Internal Lexicon Presented by J. W. Ha 1.
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Transcript of Ch. 5 The Internal Lexicon Presented by J. W. Ha 1.
Ch. 5 The Internal Lexicon
Presented by J. W. Ha
1
Contents
Main Points
Introduction
Dimension of Word Knowledge
Organization of the Internal Lexicon
Lexical Access
2
Main Points
Know a word Know its phonological, morphological, syntactic, and
semantic attribute
A word’s meaningSense : relationships with other wordsReference : relationships between a word and an object or
an event
Internal LexiconThe organization of word knowledge in permanent memoryRepresentation with semantic networks
Lexical AccessWord knowledge activation Influenced by the frequency, attributes, ambiguity, and so
on
3
Introduction
Word guessing gameHow is the game performed?
Word informationRetrieving processStore process
Internal LexiconThe representation of words in permanent memory
Lexical AccessThe process by which we activate words’ meanings
4
Dimension of Word Knowledge
• Phonological Knowledge• Syntactic Knowledge• Morphological Knowledge• Semantic Knowledge
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Phonological / Syntactic Knowledge
Phonological KnowledgePhonological attributesPronunciationHomophones : bear / bareTip-of-the-Tongue(TOT) phenomenon
Not successful at retrieving a particular word But remember something about how it sounds
Syntactic KnowledgeCategoryA part of speechThe aging pianist stunned the audienceGrammatical rulesOpen-class(Content) words / Close-class(Functional)
words
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Morphological Knowledge
How many words do we know? Distinction
React / Reaction / Reactive / Reacting
Morphemes Inflectional morphemes
Express grammatical contrasts -s(pl), -ed(past)
Derivational morphemes Create new words -ion(noun)
Order Derivational > Inflectional Neighborhoods
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Semantic Knowledge [1/4]
Meaning of WordsSense and referenceDenotation and connotation
ReferenceThe relationship between words and things in the worldReferent : a thingDetermine the truth condition of a sentence“There is a brown cow grazing in the field”Abstract, Not existentMental Model
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Semantic Knowledge [2/4]
SenseWord’s place in a system of relationship which it
contracts with other words in the vocabularyRelation : Synonymy, Coordination, Hypernymy,
MeronymySynonymy : same meaning (fear / panic)Coordination : same level in a hierarchy (cat, dog /
animal)Hypernymy
The relationship of superordination within a hierarchy Bird : hypernym / Sparrow : hyponym
Meronymy A part of an object Back, legs / chair
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Semantic Knowledge [3/4]
SenseWord association test
Kent and Rosanoff (1910) Read aloud a list of words to a person who gave “the first
word that occurs to him/her other than stimulus word itself Chair result
– Table > seat > sit > furniture > sitting > wood > rest > …. Semantic Relations
– Taxonomic relations : furniture, table– Attribute relations : seat, cushion, legs– Functional relations : comfortable, wooden, hard
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Semantic Knowledge [4/4]
Denotation and ConnotationDenotation
The objective and dictionary meaning Phonological information (pronunciation) Orthographic information (spelling) Semantic information (various meanings)
Connotation Certain aspects of meaning beyond explicit descrpitions Bachelor and spinster
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Organization of the internal Lexicon
• The Concept of a Semantic Network• Hierarchical Network Models• Spreading Activation Models
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Concept of a Semantic Network
Semantic NetworkMain idea regarding the organization of the lexiconThe network based on relations makes a good deal of
senseNeuro and brain scientific perspectives
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Hierarchical Network Models[1/4]
Collins and Quillian(1969, 1970, 1972) Taxonomic and Attributive relation
Taxonomy : hyponymy, hypernymy, coordinationAttributes
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Canary
Can sing
Is yellow
Bird
Animal
Ostrich Shark
Fish
Salmon
Has wingsCan flyHas feathers
Has skinCan move aroundEatsBreaths
Has finsCan swimHas gills
Hierarchical Network Models[2/4]
How attributes and properties are stored in the lexicon Inference
Aristotle was not blinded by the incident The rock was not blinded by the incident Inferred information from what information we do have
stored in mental lexiconCognitive Economy
The space available for the storage if semantic information was limited, so that it would be beneficial to store information only in one place in the network
Only at the highest possible node
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Hierarchical Network Models[3/4]
Semantic verification taskDetermine that “A is a B” is true / falseMeasure a decision time distance Intersection search
A bird is an animal We continue to search for relevant information until the two
items in the sentence intersectCategory-size Effect
Verification time In “A is a B”, the higher B, the longer the reaction times A canary is a bird < A canary is a animal
Typicality Effect Similarity reduces verification times for true and increases
for false A robin is a bird < An ostrich is a bird A whale is a fish > A horse is a fish
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Hierarchical Network Models[4/4]
Limitation of strict cognitive economy modelCollie, dog, mammal, animalRepose time of mammalian feature > one of animal
feature
Basic-level TermsAttributes are more likely to be stored at more familiar
locations in the network
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Spreading Activation Models [1/2]
Collins and Loftus(1975)An alterative of cognitive
economy modelModify the hierarchical assumptionOrganization is not strictly
hierarchical (web)Node distance
Structural (taxonomic) Consideration (typicalty)
Difference of accessbilityRetrieval occurs by a process
of spreading activationLimitation
No phonological, syntactic, and morphological aspects Model of concept rather than word
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StreetVehicl
e
Car
Truck
Bus
Ambulance
Fire Engin
e
House
Fire
Red
Orange
Yellow
GreenApple
Cherry
Spreading Activation Models [2/2]
Bock and Levelt (1994)Three levels
Conceptual level Lemma level
– Syntactic aspect Lexeme level
– Phonological aspect
LimitationNo referential aspect
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Sheep Goat
Wool MilkAnim
al
Growth GivesIs an
Gives Is an
Sheep(mouton)
Goat(chevr
e)
Noun
Sense Sense
Male
Gender
Sip gout
ConceptualLevel
LemmaLevel
LexemeLevel
SoundForm
SoundForm
Lexical Access
• Models of Lexical Access• Variables that Influence Lexical Access• Appraising Models of Lexical Access
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Models of Lexical Access [1/2]
Search Model Foster’s autonomous search model Components
Orthographic properties Phonetic properties
Descending order of frequency Assume that lexicon is autonomous and independent
Not directly influenced by syntactic or semantic factors Revision : parallel components
Logogen Model Morton Logogen : specifies the word’s various attributes Activation (parallel)
Sensory input : orthographic or phonological stimuli Contextual information : syntactic and semantic structure
– Her closest relatives was appointed as her legal guardian Thresholds
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Models of Lexical Access [2/2]
Cohort ModelMarslen-WilsonTo account for auditory word recognitionThree stages of spoken word recognition
A set of lexical candidates is activated (word initial cohort) A member of the cohort is selected for further analysis Selected lexical item is integrated into the ongoing
semantic and syntactic contextAngela misplaced ba…. (bag, bath, bat, …)
Multiple source analysisThe activation levels of different items in the cohort vary
as a function of their similarity to the incoming signal Initial candidate elimination
More phonological information or sentence narrow, discard
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Variables that Influence Lexical Access [1/3] Word Frequency
Major factorPhoneme monitoring
Foss task Lexical visual task
– word and non-word guessing in high / low frequency word– High frequency < low frequency
Phonological VariablesStress, intonation pattern
Syntactic CategoryOpen-class : difference in high / low-frequency wordsClose-class : No differnece
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Variables that Influence Lexical Access [2/3] Morphological Complexity
Distinguish between affixes of a word and the base Independent storage of base word and morpheme
Response Time : -ment < -ence < -ion
Semantic PrimingTwo phases
Priming stimulus Target is presented
Bread < nurse in Butter
24
Variables that Influence Lexical Access [3/3] Lexical Ambiquity
More than one meaningSignificant property of languageExamples
Rapid righting with his uninjured had saved from loss the contents of the capsized canoe. (sound)
The man started to drill before the truck arrivedContextual bias vs. meaning frequency
The jealous husband read the letter The antique typewriter was missing a letter
25
Appraising Models of Lexical Models
Word frequencyAll model considerLogogen : thresholdSearch Model : descending order
Priming All model consider
Cohort ModelBe better positioned to explain the full range of factorSpoken word recognition
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