Ch 3: Cells and Tissuelpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/zingg/physio1/p1_lects/P1CH3_s_FS09.pdf · are NOT...
Transcript of Ch 3: Cells and Tissuelpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/zingg/physio1/p1_lects/P1CH3_s_FS09.pdf · are NOT...
![Page 1: Ch 3: Cells and Tissuelpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/zingg/physio1/p1_lects/P1CH3_s_FS09.pdf · are NOT part of internal environment •Body has 3 fluid compartments Fig 3-1 Fig 3-2. ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050123/5f7b45ecaff4e83907209a07/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Background Basics:
Units of measure
Hydrophobic molecules
Proteins
Compound molecules
pH
DNA and RNA
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Key Concepts
Functional
compartments of the body
Biological membranes
Intracellular
compartments
Tissue types
Tissue remodeling
Organs
Study of cell structure
= ?
Study of tissue
structure = ?
Study of how cells work
= ?
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Functional Body
Compartments
• Various membrane lined body cavities
• Lumens of hollow organs are NOT part of internal environment
• Body has 3 fluid compartments
Fig 3-1
Fig 3-2
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Membrane –2 Meanings!
• Epithelial membranes
vs.
• Cell membranes and
Membranes around organelles
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Functions of Cell Membranes
1. Physical isolation
2. Regulation of exchange with environment
3. Communication between cell and environment
4. Structural support
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Cell Membrane Structure: Fluid Mosaic Model
Thickness ~ 8nm
PLs, Sphingolipids and
Cholesterol
Proteins: peripheral (associated) or integral (transmembrane)
Fig 3-4
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Phospholipid Behavior in H2O:
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Micelle– Role in digestion and
absorption of fats in GI tract
• Liposome– Larger, bilayer,
hollow center with aqueous core
Clinical relevance?
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Cell Anatomy &
Intracellular
Compartments
ECF
Cellmembrane
Membranousorganelles
Non-membranous
organelles
The Cell
Fig 3-11
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Cell differentiation
Mechanism: differential gene activation
From 1 zygote to 200 different types of cells
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Cytoplasm
Cytosol:
= semigelatinous
intracellular fluid
Medium for suspension of
1. Organelles,
2. Ions, nutrients, wastes,
enzymes etc.…….
3. Inclusions
Organelles perform
specialized tasks.
Membranous
organelles
Non-membranous
Organelles
(Inclusions)
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Cytoskeleton
Functions in
• Cell shape
• Internal organization
• Transport
• Cell to cell links (
tissues)
• Movement
Made of protein fibers1. Microfilaments (actin)
2. Intermediate filaments
(myosin, keratin)
3. Microtubules
Fig 3-14
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Microtubules form Centrosomes and
Centrioles
1 centrosome contains 2 centriolesCentrosomes organize microtubules
Centrioles: bundles of microtubules
Pull chromosomes, form core in cilia
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Special Structural Features of Cell
Membranes and Cytoskeletons
• Microvilli
• Cilia
• Stereocilia
• Flagella
Function?
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1. Myosins (see Ch12)
2. Kinesins (movement along microtubules)
3. Dyneins (cilia and flagella movement)
Motor Proteins Create Movement
Compare to Fig 3-15
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• Function: ?
• Fixed to ER or free in cytoplasm
Ribosomes
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Membranous Organelles
Special compartments for special functions
– Separate harmful substances from other cell areas
– Separate function from other cell areas
__________on/-a
cell’s powerhouse.
Has own DNA
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RER & SER
____________ synthesis,
storage, modification &
transport vesicle formation
Synthesis and conversion of FA,
steroids, lipids
In muscle: ______________
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Golgi Complex
• Modification (labeling) of proteins
• Packaging into secretory (to ECF) or storage
vesicles
TEM
“Post office” of cell
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Protein
Secretion
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Cytoplasmic Vesicles: Lysosomes
Digestion (~ 50 enzymes) of bacteria and old organelles
Enzymes only active at pH of 100 – 1,000 x < cytoplasm
pH = ?Also dissolves Ca-carbonate of bone
Rheumatoid arthritis and
Tay-Sachs disease
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Tay Sachs
Disease
(TSD)
Increased resistance to TB?
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Peroxi-
somes
Major function: Degradation of long chain FAs
Generate hydrogen peroxide contain catalase
ALD
Smaller than Lysosomes -Different set of enzymes
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Nucleus
• Control Center
• Nuclear envelope with
nuclear pore complexes
for diffusion and active
transport
• Chromatin (DNA and
proteins)
• One or more nucleoli
• Genes
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Tissues: Cell to Cell Junctions
• Electrical synapses
• Cylindrical proteins
(connexins) form
channels
• Can open and close
• Rapid transfer of
signals in cardiac &
smooth muscle
Gap Junctions
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Tight Junctions• Complete barrier
(brick wall)
• Fusion of adjacent cell membranes via claudin and occludin
• Found in
–
–
Tight vs. leaky
epithelium
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Anchoring Junctions
• Cell to cell or cell to matrix
• Anchoring junctions (CAMs: cadherins)– Desmosomes
– Adherens junctions
• Cell matrix attachments (CAMs: integrins)– Hemidesmosomes
– Spot desmosomes or focal adhesions
In cancer: Loss of
desmosomes
consequence?
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Histology• Structure and function of all basic tissue
types: remember from Anatomy or review on
your own (starting p.72 with epithelia)
• Review concept of stem cells (totipotent –
pluripotent – multipotent – unipotent or
progenitor cell)
• Definition of organ?
Example: skin, see textbook p.83
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Tissue
Remodeling
Tissue remodeling throughout a persons life
• Apoptosis = Programmed cell death (suicide)
Cell breaks up into membrane bound blebs which will be phagocytosed by other cells.
• Necrosis = traumatic cell death
Lack of O2, trauma, toxins
Cells rupture tissue damage & inflammation
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Running Problem: The Pap Smear
Page 51 on
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Cervical cells. Uniform in size and shape
normal