ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy conservation is the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy

used. It may be achieved through efficient energy use, in which case energy use is decreased while achieving a similar outcome, or by reduced consumption of energy services.

Individuals and organizations that are direct consumers of energy may want to conserve energy in order to reduce energy costs and promote economic security.

Industrial and commercial users may want to increase efficiency and thus maximize profit.

Cost of energy has increased substantially

The product cost has a bearing of energy cost

Energy efficient technology options available

Reduction in green house gases emissions

Over all environment friendly option

NECESSITY OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy conservation act, 2001

25,000 MW capacity creation through energy efficiency

23% energy conservation potential

Industrial and agriculture sectors have the maximum

potential

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) created

Set up in 2002 Under Ministry of power

Assessment of potential savings in different

sectors

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN INDIA

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS:

Current best practices in building design and construction result in homes that are profoundly more energy conserving than average new homes. Like.,Passive house Super-insulation

Smart ways to construct homes such that minimal resources are used to cooling and heating the house in summer and winter respectively can significantly reduce energy costs.

Energy efficient buildingconstruction

• Very good insulation of walls, roofs and Basement.

• Windows with high quality double or triple glazing.

• Air-tight construction• check by blower door test• Avoiding cooling demand

- sun shading in summer- natural cooling sources

• Conservation of Energy in Lighting System- Selection of Lighting in Buildings- Building Area MethodDetermination of interior lighting power allowance (watts) by the building area method shall be in accordance with the following:

a) Determine the allowed lighting power density from Table 1 for each appropriate building area type.

b) Calculate the gross lighted floor area for each building area type.

c) The interior lighting power allowance is the sum of the products of the gross lighted floor area of each building area times the allowed lighting power density for that building area types.

Table 1 Interior Lighting Power – Building Area Method

Building Area Type LPD (W/m2) Building Area Type LPD (W/m2)

Automotive Facility 9.7 Multifamily Residential 7.5

Convention Center 12.9 Museum 11.8

Dining: Bar Lounge/ Leisure 14.0 Office 10.8

Dining: Cafeteria/ Fast Food 15.1 Parking Garage 3.2

Dining: Family 17.2 Performing Arts Theater 17.2

Dormitory/Hostel 10.8 Police/Fire Station 10.8

Gymnasium 11.8 Post Office/ Town Hall 11.8

Healthcare-Clinic 10.8 Religious Building 14.0

Hospital/ Health Care 12.9 Retail/ Mall 16.1

Hotel 10.8 School/ University 12.9

Library 14.0 Sports Arena 11.8

Manufacturing Facility 14.0 Transportation 10.8

Motel 10.8 Warehouse 8.6

Motion Picture Theater 12.9 Workshop 15.1

Space Function Method

Determination of interior lighting power allowance (watts) by the space function method shall be in accordance with the following:

a) Determine the appropriate building type from Table 2 and the allowed lighting power density.

b) For each space enclosed by partitions 80% or greater of ceiling height, determine the gross interior floor area by measuring to the center of the partition wall.

c) The interior lighting power allowance is the sum of the lighting power allowances for all spaces. The lighting power allowance for a space is the product of the gross lighted floor area of the space times the allowed lighting power density for that space.

Table 2 Interior Lighting Power – Space Function MethodSpace Function LPD (W/m2) Space Function LPD (W/m2)

Office-enclosed 11.8 Library 11.8

Office-open plan 11.8 Card File & Cataloging 11.8

Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose 14.0 Stacks 18.3

Classroom/Lecture/Training 15.1 Reading Area 12.9

Lobby 14.0 Hospital

For Hotel 11.8 Emergency 29.1

For Performing Arts Theater 35.5 Recovery 8.6

For Motion Picture Theater 11.8 Nurse Station 10.8

Audience/Seating Area 9.7 Exam Treatment 16.1

For Gymnasium 4.3 Pharmacy 12.9

Patient Room 7.5

For Convention Center 7.5 Operating Room 23.7

For Religious Buildings 18.3 Nursery 6.5

For Sports Arena 4.3 Medical Supply 15.1

For Performing Arts Theater 28.0 Physical Therapy 9.7

For Motion Picture Theater 12.9 Radiology 4.3

For Transportation 5.4 Laundry – Washing 6.5

Atrium-first three floors 6.5 Automotive – Service Repair 7.5

Atrium-each additional floor 2.2 Manufacturing

Lounge/Recreation 12.9 Low Bay (<8m ceiling) 12.9

Contd. …………………..

Space Function LPD (W/m2) Space Function LPD (W/m2)

For Hospital 8.6 High Bay (>8m ceiling) 18.3

Dining Area 9.7 Detailed Manufacturing 22.6

For Hotel 14.0 Equipment Room 12.9

For Motel 12.9 Control Room 5.4

For Bar Lounge/Leisure Dining 15.1 Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms 11.8

For Family Dining 22.6 Dormitory – Living Quarters 11.8

Food Preparation 12.9

Laboratory 15.1 General Exhibition 10.8

Restrooms 9.7 Restoration 18.3

Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 6.5 Bank Office – Banking Activity Area 16.1

Corridor/Transition 5.4

For Hospital 10.8 Sales Area 18.3

For Manufacturing Facility 5.4 Mall Concourse 18.3

Stairs-active 6.5 Sports Arena

Active Storage 8.6 Ring Sports Area 29.1

For Hospital 9.7 Court Sports Area 24.8

Inactive Storage 3.2 Indoor Field Area 15.1

For Museum 8.6

Electrical/Mechanical 16.1 Fine Material Storage 15.1

Workshop 20.5 Medium/Bulky Material Storage 9.7

Sleeping Quarters 3.2 Parking Garage – Garage Area 2.2

Convention Center – Exhibit Space 14.0

Airport – Concourse 6.5

Air/Train/Bus – Baggage Area 10.8

Ticket Counter 16.1

• Energy Conservation in Industry through Motor:

• Electric motors converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

By using Energy Efficient Motor (EEM) in place of Standard Motor we save the energy.

An Energy Efficient Motor produces the same shaft output power (HP) but uses less input power (kW) than a standard efficiency motor.

Case study on financial evaluation of EEM

The following case can be evaluated financially using energy saving criteria.A 60 HP standard AC motor operating at 75% load. At this load efficiency of motor is 82%. Motor operates 20 hrs a day and 300 days a year. Per unit energy charge is Rs. 3.10 and per month per kVA demand charge is Rs. 175. (Take 1 HP = 750 W)Input power to motor = 45 kW x 0.75 / 0.82 = 41.15 kWPower factor of motor = 0.80kVA = kW/Power FactorkVA demand = 41.15 / 0.80 = 51.43 kVAkVA charges/year = 51 x Rs. 175/kVA x 12 months

= Rs. 1,07,100/-Energy (kWh) charges/year = 41.15 kW x Rs. 3.1/kWh x 20 hrs x

300 days = Rs. 7,65,390/-

Total (Demand + Energy) Cost/year = 1,07,100 + 7,65,390 = Rs. 8,72,490/-

A 60 HP Energy Efficient Motor operating a 75% load. Efficiency of the motor is 87%.Input power = 45 kW x 0.75 / 0.87 = 38.79 kW = 38.8 kwP.F. of E.E.M. = 0.83kVA demand = 38.8 / 0.83 = 46.75 kVA = 47 kVADemand charges/year = 47 kVA x Rs. 175/kVA x 12 months = Rs. 98,700/-Energy Charges/year = 38.8 kW x Rs. 3.10/kWh x 20 hrs/day x 300 days = Rs. 7,21,680/-Total (Energy + Demand) charges/year = Rs. 7,21,680 + Rs. 98,700 = Rs. 8,20,380/-

Financial Evaluation

Cost of 60 HP standard AC motor = Rs. 1,00,000/-

Cost of 60 HP EEM = Rs. 1,20,000/-

Energy savings achieved by = Rs. 8,72,490 – Rs. 8,20,380E.E.M. over standard motor = Rs. 52,000 (approx.)

Payback period for replacement of = 1,20,000 / 52,000existing standard motor with E.E.M.= 2.3 years

Payback period for purchase of = 20,000 / 52,000E.E.M. for new installation = 0.381 yr = 4.6 months

•Organised cooking activity can save about 20% Energy. •Use right quantity of water required for cooking and reduce gas/kerosene usage by 65%. •Cook on low flame as far as possible and save 6 to 10% energy. •The pressure cooker should be loaded 2/3rd of the foodstuff is solid & hard and ½ if loaded with liquid. Properly used pressure cookers can save upto 50 to 75% of ENERGY AS WELL AS TIME. •COOK YOUR FOOD IN SOLAR COOKERS Cook anything except ROTI AND save cost of 2 LPG Cylinders annually. USE YOUR REFRIGERATOR & AIRCONDITIONERS EFFICIENTLY•Allow refrigerated foodstuff to come to room temperature before heating AND allow heated foodstuff to cool down to normal temperature before placing it in the refrigerator. Avoid frequent opening & closing of refrigerator & air-conditioned rooms. PLANT TREES•Place the refrigerator about 6 inches away from the wall to allow air circulation. •Air-conditioned room must be leakpfoof. USE PROPER LIGHTING & EFFICIENT LIGHTING DEVICES•A tubelight (36/40 watt) gives more light than a 60 or 100 watt bulb and will consume 40 to 60% less power. Tubelight with electronic choke is even more energy efficient means of lighting USE DAYLIGHT AS FAR AS POSSIBLE. •Lighting devices like bulb, tubelight, etc. consume energy according to their capacities. Use appropriate lighting according to your requirement. A so-called zero bulb uses 12 to 15 watt per hour. Compact Flouroscent Lamps (CEL) are available in 5.7.9.11 watts capacities and they give more light output. •Instant geysers are considered to be more efficient than storage type geysers. SOLAR WATER HEATERS OPERATE ON SOLAR ENERGY WHICH IS FREE OF COST. ELECTRICITY IS AN EXPENSIVE AS COOKING FUEL – AVOID IT SWITCH OFF LIGHTS & FANS WHEN NOT REQUIRED STOP WASTAGE – WE CANNOT AFFORD IT – CONSERVE ENERGY.

Tips for Energy Conservation in Domestic Sector

Energy conservation in Street Lights:

Normally a tube light of 40W rating with a choke of 20W are being utilized for street lights with a total power of 60W. Alternately the use CFL bulbs of 18W rating which has an equivalent luminosity would lead to a power saving to the extent of 70% ie. 42W. Also the life of the CFL bulbs are much longer than that of the tube lights with a cumulative savings on life and as well as the energy consumption for the entire life.

The experience of such a reported transition from tube light to CFL in Thiruvallur District is as follows:

' 340 Nos of tube lights originally deployed were replaced with 18 W CFL lamps

' Consequent to the switching over to 18 W CFL lamps the annual savings in the cost of energy reported to have been generated is to the tune of Rs.2,12,704/- (~ 625.60x340)

This is based on the Savings derived from a single street light which is as follows:

Parameter

40W Tube Light with a 20 W choke18 W Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Savings

Annual Consumption in units (with an average of 12 hours per day for 365 days)

60x12x365= 263 kWh 18x12x365 =79 kWh

Energy Saving = 263-79 =184kWhCost of Annual consumption @ Rs.3.40 per unit= 184x3.40 = Rs.625.60Total annual saving=Rs.625.60x340 =Rs212704

Tips for Energy Conservation in Agricultural Pump

• Selection of right capacity of pumps according to the irrigation requirement.

• Matching of pump set with source of water - canal or well.

• Matching of motor with appropriate size pump.

• Proper installation of the pump system - shaft alignment, coupling of motor and pump.

• Use of efficient transmission system. Maintain right tension and alignment of transmission belts.

• Use of low friction rigid PVC pipes and foot valves.

• Avoid use unnecessary bends and throttle valves.

• Use bends in place of elbows.

• The suction depth of 6 metres is recommended as optimum for centrifugal pumps. The delivery line should be kept at minimum require height according to requirement.

• Periodically check pump system and carryout corrective measures - like lubrication, alignment, tuning of engines and replacement of worn-out parts.

• Over irrigation can harm the crops and waste vital water resource. Irrigate according to established norms for different crop.

• Use drip irrigation for specific crops like vegetable, fruits, tobacco, etc. Drip systems can conserve upto 80% water and reduce pumping energy requirement.

Energy Efficiency in Agricultural Pumping System

Operating Principles of PumpIn centrifugal pumps, the fluid is fed to the centre of a rotating impeller and is thrown outward by centrifugal action. The high speed of rotation of the impeller imparts high kinetic energy to the fluid. This kinetic energy when converted into pressure energy results in pressure difference between the suction and delivery of the pump.

General Performance Characteristics

The hydraulic performance of a centrifugal pump is based on operating characteristics like:

Capacity, Q : expressed in units of volume per unit of time, such as, m3/h or lps

Head, H : expressed in units of height of liquid column, to which the liquid is pumped, such as, ft or m

Power, p : expressed in units of energy, kW or HP Efficiency, h : expressed as %

The variables that influence these are: Speed, N : expressed speed at which pump runs, in RPM Diameter, D : expressed as diameter of impeller or wheel, generally,

in mm

Pump Power OutputThe power output of a pump is the product of the total dynamic head and the mass of liquid pumped in a given time. The power output is given by:

Pout = (Q x H x ) / 102

Where, Pout = Pump power output (fluid power), in kW

Q = Capacity, in m3/sH = Total dynamic head, in m of liquid column (LC) = Density of liquid, in kg/m3

Pump Power InputThe power required for driving the pump is the water horsepower divided by the pump efficiency. The power output of a pump is less than the power input. This is because of internal losses resulting from friction, leakage etc.

Pump EfficiencyThe pump efficiency is the ratio of fluid power to the total power input. This is expressed as:

hP = (Q x H x ) / 102 x kW x motor

Where Q = Capacity, in m3/sH = Dynamic head, in m of LC = Density of liquid, in kg/m3

kW = Motor input power motor = Efficiency of motor

The efficiency () is the product of three efficiencies:

= m v h

Where m = Mechanical efficiency

v = Volumetric efficiency

h = Hydraulic efficiency

Energy Consumption

• The energy consumption is a factor, which is affected by three aspects of hydrogeology, namely, the geology of the area, depth of ground water and the current level of ground water extraction.

• For example, the pumps operating in alluvial areas with low pump density will consume less energy, while the pumps operating in hard rock areas with high pump density, will consume more energy.

• The energy consumption in the agricultural sector is influenced by the cropping pattern also.

Energy IndexEnergy index is the ratio of energy consumed by the pumping system per unit of work done. This index is the inverse of the pumping system efficiency and is given by:

(i) Electric pumpsetEnergy index = (3 VI Cos x 102) / (Q x H)where I = Current measured, in Amperes

Cos = Power factor (0.70 or 0.80)Q = Discharge rate, in lpsH = Static head, in m

(ii) Diesel pumpset Energy index = (27.78 x D) / (Q x H)where D = Diesel consumed, in lph

Q = Discharge rate, in lpsH = Static head, in m

Reducing Friction Across Suction Piping, Hfs

The reduction of Hfs can result in the following benefits:

Reduction of total system head (H) Cavitation-free operation Energy efficient performance

The friction loss across pipes is given by:

Hf = (4 x f x L x v2) / (2 x g x D)Where,f = coefficient of friction of pipe

L = equivalent length of pipe, in mv = velocity of flow, in m/sD = diameter of pipe, in mg = acceleration due to gravity, in m/s2