America and the 1920’s

U.S. History II Honors

By Ms. White

Chapter 20 Politics of the 1920’s

Chapter Objective: To trace the political and social changes after World War I and throughout the decade of the 1920’s.

1920’s Unit Principles

Objective Evaluate the legacy of the 1920s in America.

Essential Question What should historians call the 1920s?

Bellwork:

What would you call the age in which we currently live?

Recall some of the topics we’ve studied this year. What are some examples?

Industrialization Immigration Urbanization Progressivism Imperialism World War

What should historians call the 1920’s?

Create a name for the 1920’s

America in Context

Many other events were going on around the world.

Remember History does not happen in a vacuum!

Each group will read a timeline of events for their assigned country. Identify 2-3 key events How might these events influence America? How might America have influenced these

events? Be prepared to share with the class

America in Context: Asia

America in Context: Asia

In India, Mohandes Gandhi begins his resistance movement against British rule

In China, the Chinese Civil War between Nationalists and Communists begins in 1924 and does not end until 1950 with a Communist victory

America in Context: Asia

Turkish Revolution against the Allies is fought between 1919 and 1923 resulting in Turkish independence

America in Context: Europe

America in Context: Europe

Britain and France begin paying back war debt to the United States

Ireland gains its independence from Britain in 1921

America in Context: Europe

Amid economic troubles in Germany, a young war veteran named Adolf Hitler becomes Chairman of the Nazi Party in 1921. Three years later his party earns 6.5% of the popular vote in elections

In Italy, fascist leader Benito Mussolini comes to power in 1922

America in Context: Europe

In 1922 the Bolshevik faction of the Russian communist party consolidates its power and officially creates the USSR (Soviet Union)

Two years later Vladimir Lenin, the founder of Russian communism dies resulting in a power struggle to replace him with Joseph Stalin eventually emerging on top

America in Context: Africa

America in Context: Africa

Egypt, another major British colony, gains its independence in 1922

America in Context: Latin America

America in Context: Latin America

The Mexican Civil War ends in 1920 Pancho Villa is assassinated in Mexico in 1923

America in Context: 1920s Births Che Guevara President

George H. W. Bush

Margaret Thatcher

Fidel Castro Ray Bradbury Pope John Paul II Maya Angelou

Martin Luther King Jr.

Malcolm X Elie Wiesel Jacqueline

Kennedy Anne Frank Helen Thomas Kurt Vonnegut

President Jimmy Carter

Senator Robert Kennedy

Stanley Kubrick Marlon Brando Marilyn Monroe Audrey Hepburn Queen Elizabeth II

Understanding the 20s

F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Age of Excess In groups of 3 or 4, read through the essay by

former Cambridge professor Joshua Zeitz. Highlight key words or phrases that provide

details about what life was like in the 1920’s Create a wordle using the words or phrases

that you feel best captures life in the 1902’s

1920’s Wordle

Exit Ticket

What should historians call the 1920’s? Traditional vs. Modern values Middle Class Growth The age of big personalities The growth of media American anomaly The path to Depression Yolo!

People of the 1920s

We will be using influential people in the 1920s to help us study important concepts

We will study Sacco & Vanzetti Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover Henry Ford Al Capone John T. Scopes F. Scott Fitzgerald Zelda Fitzgerald Babe Ruth Charles Lindbergh

Chapter 20 Section 1“America Struggles with Postwar Issues” Learning Objective: Understand how fear and

prejudice of radicals and foreigners led to persecution & injustice in American life. Be able to give an example of an injustice from the 1920’s.

Main Idea: A desire for normality after the war and a fear of communism and foreigners led to postwar isolationism

Why It Matters Now: Americans continue to debate today political isolationism and immigration policy.

Terms, People, & Events: Nativism, communism, isolationism, anarchism, Sacco & Vanzetti, Quota System, Red Scare, Palmer Raids, KKK

What are European countries like after World War I is over?

Effects of WWI in Europe

Effects of World War I in America

What is America like after WWI?

After slavery was abolished by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 what types of jobs were available for African Americans?

Where are those jobs located?

Effects of WWI on African Americans

Effects of WWI on African Americans?

How did WWI create new job opportunities for African Americans?

Where were those jobs located?

The Great MigrationMovement of African Americans from Southern Farms to Northern Cities.

How did WWI create opportunities for women?

Effects of WWI on Women

How might WWI veterans feel when they return from the war and are unable to find work?

Who might they direct their anger and frustration towards?

Effects of WWI on Veterans

Effects of WWI on Immigrants

Why did Americans turn against immigrants after World War I?

Effects of WWI in America

Accelerated America’s emergence as the world’s greatest industrial power

Contributed to the movement of African Americans from southern farms to northern cities called the Great Migration

Intensified anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiments among mainstream Americans

Brought over 1 million women into the work force

Hastened (Sped up) the passage of the 19th amendment women’s right to vote

Effects of WWI in America

During WWI workers were not allowed to strike because the government would not let anything interfere with the war effort.

Returning soldiers faced unemployment or replaced women and minorities.

Cost of living doubled. Farmers and factory workers suffered from

decreased production. After the war union membership increases, as

did strikes for higher wages and better working conditions.

Post War Trends Fear of communism and foreigners leads to

postwar isolation.

Nativism Prejudice against foreign born people.

Isolationism

A policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs.

Think-Pair-Share

What is anarchism?

What is communism?

What is socialism?

Why is there opposition to these in the United States?

Anarchism What is the root of the

word “anarchism”? What does anarchy

mean? Anarchists (people who

support anarchism) Don’t believe in any

government Government should be

overthrown with violence

What is Communism? An economic and political theory

based on single party rule by a dictatorship.

Created by Karl Marx From each according to his ability, to each

according to his need.” –Karl Marx The public ownership of property to create a

completely equal society All the people/workers will own all

of the ways of making money (the land, the machines, the stores, etc.)

Communism End to private businesses No way for one person to

become very rich Political systems are

progressing and communism is seen as the next and final step from capitalism and democracy

Believed in the creation of an international communist society brought about by a revolutionary party

Communism

To equalize wealth and power communist put an end to private property and replaced private ownership of business with government ownership of factories, railroads, and other businesses.

Perceived as a threat to the American way of life

Why considered a threat to America?

The Declaration of Independence promises “life,

liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

Communism guarantees economic equality

American democracy advocates for the use of the

vote to bring about change

Communism advocates violent revolution

American democracy advocates governance by

the people and freedom of the people

Communism is totalitarian and oppressive

Socialism

An economic and political system. Government owns major:

private businesses (banks)

public services (hospitals &healthcare)

American Fears of Socialism

To equalize wealth and power the government would make wealthy people contribute more money to taxes so that there is not a huge difference between rich and poor.

Perceived as a threat to the American way of life because people believed it was on the way to communism and thus a threat to individual’s right to private wealth

Red Scare

Panic in the U.S. that began in 1919 after Revolutions in Russia overthrew the czarist regime.

Vladimir Lenin and his followers “The Bolsheviks” established a new communist state.

Cried out for a worldwide revolution to abolish capitalism everywhere

Symbolic red flag “Reds”

Communist Party in the U.S.

70,000 joined including some members of the IWW (International Workers of the World)

The Case Against the Reds

Read the abbreviated primary source essay written by U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer & answer the following questions.

What revolution is the author referring to? What will the revolution destroy? Who is spreading these ideas? What effect will this have on America? What does Palmer plan to do? What fears of the time are reflected in the

document?

Palmer Raids Several dozen bombs

were mailed to government & business owners the public feared that Communists were taking over.

U.S. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer took actions to combat this “Red Scare” Palmer appointed J Edgar Hoover to hunt down suspected communists, socialists, and anarchists

Mitchell Palmer

J Edgar Hoover

Palmer Raids Trampled civil rights by

invading homes & offices & jailing suspects without allowing them legal counsel

Hundreds of foreigners were deported without trials

Failed to turn up evidence of a revolutionary conspiracy 10,000 people arrested

556 people deported

Palmer Raids

Who is the person in the middle? What does he appear to be doing? What is happening to the boat? What does it represent? What’s being thrown from the window? What are the people holding in their hands? What does it represent What event in U.S. history does this portray?

Warm Up

Should immigrants be looked at with more suspicion than American citizens by the American government? Why or why not?

April 15, 1920 Braintree MA A security guard and a

paymaster transporting money for the Slater-Morrill Shoe Company are shot & killed by robbers

Robbers sped away but plenty of eye witnesses saw the commotion

Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti

An Italian shoemaker and a fish peddler are arrested and charged with robbery and murder of a factory paymaster and his guard in South Braintree, MassachusettsItalian immigrants, socialists, and anarchists

Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti

On your packet is a blue letter. J means Jury P means Prosecution D means Defense

Break down into groups according to your letter and review the evidence chart.

Prosecution should pick the best arguments for Sacco and Vanzetti’s guilt.

Defense should pick the best defense arguments.

Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti Jury your job is to listen to all of

the evidence and determine whether or not the accused suspects are guilty beyond a reasonable doubt (an abiding certainty, not no doubt, but a reasonable amount of doubt, confident you did the right thing)

In groups, discuss your findings and come to a consensus on whether or not Sacco and Vanzetti are guilty of robbery and murder beyond a reasonable doubt.

Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti

Prosecution for Sacco/Vanzetti present evidence to prove Sacco’s guilt

Defense for Sacco/Vanzetti present evidence to prove Sacco’s innocence

Cross examination Closing arguments

Did Sacco and Vanzetti get a fair trial?

Asserted their innocence and provided alibis

Circumstantial evidence

Prejudicial judge Jury found them

guilty and sentenced them to death

Executed in 1927

What is happening in the photo?Where is the protest taking place?

What are these men doing?

Why are they protesting?

Who might they be?

How can you tell?

What is the headline?

Who published the newspaper?

Based on all of these images, what can you conclude about the trial of Sacco & Vanzetti?

Limiting Immigration

Wave of nativist sentiment “Keep American for Americans” became prevailing attitude

Feared that immigrants would work for lower wages and take away jobs

Fear of immigrants as anarchists, communists, or socialists

Limited immigration from southern & eastern Europe (Catholics & Jews)

Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set a limit on the number of immigrants who could enter the U.S. & prohibited Japanese immigration

1. Where are the people trying to get to?

2. What is Uncle Sam doing?

3. What is the caption?

4. According to this cartoon what is the solution to the problem?

Who is this group? Who do they target?

The Klan Rises Again Ku Klux Klan devoted to 100% Americanism White male native born Protestant Opposed:

Blacks Jews Catholics foreigners

Used violence 4-5 million members

Effects of WWI in America

During WWI workers were not allowed to strike because the government would not let anything interfere with the war effort.

Returning soldiers faced unemployment or took jobs away from women and minorities.

Cost of living doubled. Farmers and factory workers suffered from

decreased production. After the war union membership increases, as

did strikes for higher wages and better working conditions.

Bellwork

WWI is over, Americans are struggling to rebuild their broken lives, the voice of angry workers can be silenced no longer. Despite public criticism, many people risk loosing their jobs to strike and join unions. The streets became a battleground for fair pay and better working conditions.

Would you strike and risk your families welfare? Do city workers have a responsibility not to go on

strike? Should the government intervene in disputes between

labor and business?

Labor Unrest

During WWI government would not allow workers to strike because it would interfere with the war effort

1919 saw more then 3,000 strikes that included 4 million workers

Employers didn’t want to give raises or have the employees join unions

Newspapers labeled striking workers as Communist

Boston Police Strike

Boston Police had not been given a raise since beginning of WWI & had been denied the right to unionize

When workers asked for a raise they were fired Mass governor Calvin Coolidge called in the

National Guard to put down the strike Strike ended and new policemen were hired People praised Coolidge for saving Boston &

the nation from communism & anarchy In 1920 he became Warren Harding’s vice

presidential running mate

Steel Mill Strike

Steel mill workers wanted the right to negotiate for shorter working hours, higher wages, right to form a union

U.S. Steel Corp refused to meet with workers reps 300,000 workers went on strike Strike breakers- employees who agree to work during a

strike Workers were beaten by federal troops & state militia The Companies instituted a propaganda campaign to link

the strikers with communism Won an 8 hour work day but did not get the right to form a

union

Coal Miners Strike United Mine Workers of America led by John L. Lewis

protested low wages and long workdays Attorney General Mitchell Palmer obtained a court order

sending the miners back to work Strikes continued in defiance of the court order President Wilson hired an arbitrator to put an end to the

dispute Coal miners received a 27% wage increase

Chapter 20 Section 2 “The Harding Presidency”

Objective: Understand how political corruption and scandals resulted in distrust of the American government. Be able to provide an example of corruption and scandal and its effect.

Main Idea: The Harding Administration appealed to America’s desire for calm & peace after war, but resulted in scandal.

Why It Matters Now: The government must guard against scandal and corruption to merit public trust.

Terms, People, & Events:Warren G. Harding, Charles Evan Hughes, Fordney-McCumber Tariff, Ohio gang, Teapot Dome Scandal, Albert B. Fall

The Scandalous Presidency

What was President Harding’s administration accused of in the article, “Senate Demands Information on Teapot Dome 1922” ?

Warren G. Harding “looked like a president ought to

look” “normalcy” simpler days before the

Progressive Era and Great War Soothing speeches calmed the

nation Favored a limited role for

government in business affairs and social reform

Died suddenly from a stroke/heart attack

First presidential election since passage of 19th amendment

Washington Naval Conference

Harding invited the major powers to a conference in Washington to discuss arms reduction

Post WWI problems about arms control, war debts, and the reconstruction of war torn countries

Washington Naval Conference

Russia was left out because it was communist

Secretary of State Charles Evan Hughes recommended that the five major powers stop building warships for 10 years and scrap many of those already existing

For the first time powerful nations agreed to disarm

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 fifteen nations signed a pact which renounced war as a national policy

Pact was futile because it had no means of reinforcement

Which 15 countries signed the pact in 1928?

Kellogg-Briand Pact

High Tariffs and Reparations

Britain and France had to pay back the billions they borrowed from the U.S.

Two ways to pay off war debt: 1. Sell goods to the U.S. 2. Collect reparations from Germany

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Raised taxes on U.S. imports to 60% Highest level ever Protected U.S.

businesses from foreign competition

Made it impossible for Britain and France to sell enough goods to the U.S. to repay debt

What is a tariff? What does an

increase in tariffs do

to the price of goods? Who benefits from

higher tariffs? What group in society

would not support

high tariffs?

Germany Experienced terrible

inflation $10 and $20 bills were

worth only nickels and dimes

Defaulted (failed to make payments) to Allies

France invaded Germany To avoid war U.S. banker

Charles G. Dawes was sent to negotiate loans

According to this chart, what did Germany give to the Allies? According to this chart, what did the Allies give to the U.S.? What is the benefit of this system? What is the disadvantage of this system?

Dawes Plan American investors loaned

Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France

Britain and France then paid the U.S. The U.S. was repaid with its own

money Britain and France disliked U.S. for

not paying for its share of the war U.S. benefited from the defeat of

Germany while other countries lost millions of lives

U.S. thought Britain and France were irresponsible financially

Charles G. Dawes

Ohio Gang President Harding’s poker

playing cronies whom he elected to his cabinet

Corrupt friends used their offices to become wealthy through graft.

Ohio Gang

Charles R. Forbes, head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught illegally selling government and hospital supplies to private companies

Colonel Thomas W. Miller, head of the Office of Alien Property, was caught accepting a bribe

Teapot Dome Scandal U.S. government set aside oil-rich

public lands at Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills California for use by the U.S. Navy

U.S. Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, got the land transferred from the navy to his department

Fall secretly leased the land to private oil companies

He received more than $400,000 in loans, bonds, and cash

He was found guilty of bribery and became he first person to be convicted of a felony while holding a cabinet post.

Harding’s Scandalous Presidency

“I have no trouble with my enemies…But my…friends, they’re the ones that keep me walking the floor nights!”

Who might have said this quote? Why might he have said this? President Harding died in office in 1923 of a

stroke. Many people speculate that the stresses of scandal are what killed him

Chapter 20 Section 3“Business of America”

Learning Objective:Understand the impact of the automobile in America and be able to describe how it led to changes in architecture, landscape, travel, business, labor, etc.

Main Idea: Consumer goods fueled the business boom of the 1920s as America’s standard of living soared.

Why It Matters Now: Business, Technological & social developments of the 1920s launched the era of modern consumerism

Terms & Names: Calvin Coolidge, urban sprawl, installment plan

Discussion Questions

What products do we use to make our lives easier?

What might life without basic electrical appliances such as, refrigerator, washing machine, cell phone, computers be like?

Calvin Coolidge

Republican Party Pro-business- supports limited government intervention Keep taxes down and business profits up Give business more available credit in order to expand High tariffs on foreign imports helped U.S. manufacturers “the chief business of the American people is business…

The man who builds a factory builds a temple-the man who works there worships there.”

1920’s American Dream

What is the America Dream? Americans were buying more products and

living better lives than ever before. Many Americans were able to buy cars. Henry

Ford introduced the Model A in 1927. The automobile had a profound impact on American lives and the American landscape

http://www.history.com/topics/model-t/videos#car-invented-world-drastically-changed

What were some changes brought on by the automobile?

Ford

1927 the last Model T Ford rolled off the assembly line

1 million New Yorkers mobbed show rooms to view the new Model A.

Automobile became the backbone of American economy in the 1920’s

Difference between the Model T and the Model A was that the T only came in black while the new model came in Niagara Blue and Arabian Sand

Impact of Automobile Helped the economy boom Led to the urban sprawl

Reduced isolation of farm life

Spurred the paving of roads

Gave people more freedom to travel

Impact of Automobile Building of service stations, garages, motels, fast food restaurants, shopping centers

Changed architectural styles-driveways & garages

Gave Americans a new status symbol

Airplane Industry

Established new means of transportation for people and goods

Gave people greater freedom to travel

Charles Lindbergh-

first transatlantic flight

Alternating Electrical Current

Made it possible to distribute electric power over greater areas

Led to the electrification of homes and widespread use of electrical appliances

Made housewives work easier (?) freeing them for other activities

Led to more uniform, conformist lifestyles Helped the economy to boom Refrigerators, toasters, cooking ranges http://www.history.com/videos/1920s-inventions

#popularity-of-cb-radio

The Dawn of Modern Advertising

Objective: Understand how 1920s advertisements launched the era of modern consumerism. Be able to create an advertisement for a new 1920s consumer product using advertising techniques.

Agenda: Identify ad techniques used in 2012 Super

Bowl commercials. Analyze a 1920’s advertisement. Create an advertisement for a consumer

product from the 1920’s using the techniques we studied.

Modern Advertising

Hired psychologists to study how to appeal to people’s desire for youthfulness, beauty, health, and wealth

Created a greater demand for consumer goods Increased sales and profits Turned luxury items into necessities-

mouthwash, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, toaster ovens, etc

Helped the economy boom

Advertising Techniques

Happy & attractive people Popular music, songs or jingles Sex appeal Fear Symbols Humor Fitting in Cute Testimonials Free trial offers

Beautiful Famous people/celebrities Macho Femininity Repetition The good old days Culture Buy one get one free Flattery testimonial

Super Bowl Advertisements

For each ad identify as many different techniques being used to sell you the product.

Record your responses on your note taking sheet. Be prepared to share your responses with the rest of

the class.

Mr. Murphy & I will model identifying the advertisement techniques used in the first commercial as an example for you

http://msn.foxsports.com/video/shows/super-bowl-commercials-2011

http://msn.foxsports.com/video/shows/super-bowl-commercials-2012?vid=d2063583-f3cf-49d3-8c57-e8252976dbd0

1920s Advertisement

With a partner or a small group of 3 complete the print advertisement analysis worksheet for the 1920s advertisement you were given.

Create an advertisement for this product using one or more of the advertising techniques we discussed.

Advertisement Sharing

Share the advertisement you created with the rest of the class.

Identify what advertisement technique you utilized and who is your target audience.

Installment Plan Helped the economy to boom Helped to create a false

sense of prosperity Allowed people to buy goods

over an extended period of time without having to put up much money at the time of purchase