Ch. 20: Commonwealth and Empire American Communities: Cooperative Commonwealth 1.Utopian society 2.Nationalist govt: a.+Workers make decision b.+All cared for c.+Govt by the people d. Egalitarian society 3.Unrealistic Big business 20.1: Towards a National Governing Class A. Growth of Government 1.Regulation by govt increasing 2.Local & natl level interdependent 3.Taxation increasing 4.Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) regulation of RR B. Machinery of Politics 1.Congress running the country 2.Main issue separating political parties 3.Tariffs! C. Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 1.Get rid of the spoils system 2.position based on merit via exams 3.Regulations rule; commission 4.Taxation of employees for campaigns 20.2: Farmers and Workers Organize A. Populist Movement (1890s) Farmers come together to challenge RR and the two- party system People's Party A. The Grange (1867) 1.Corporations to blame for their hard times; RR and banks 2.Foreign competition = decrease prices 3.Dev. own grain elevators, stores, equip to control prices 4.Cooperatives formed B. Munn v. Illinois (1877) States have the right to regulate private businesses in the interest of the public Munn v. Illinois C. Farmers Alliance & Populist 1.Free coinage of silver to help pay off their debt 2.Govt ownership of RR 3.Graduated income tax 4.Decreased tariffs 5.Land only to citizens D. Great Uprising of Began in West Va; spread from coast to coast 2.Supported by community/trickle down effect 3.Pinkertons hired 4.Pres. Hayes sends in federal troops 5.Formation of the National Guard Strikes by States, 1880 E. Women Build Alliances 1.Supported unions 2.Pres. of WCTU a.Prohibition b.Prison reform c.Interracial cooperation d.Suffragist Frances E. Willard 20.3: The Crisis of the 1890s A.Depression of RR and trickle effect 2.Failing banks 3.Poor agriculture = poor diets 4.Unemployment, homelessness and crime increasing = vagrancy laws B. Coxeys Army 1.March to Washington, D.C. 2.Wanted federal govt to create jobs via public works projects C. Homestead Strike (steel workers) 1.Wage cuts/break union 2.Pinkertons hired 3.Fighting ensues 4.Pa. National Guard sent out/scabs hired 5.Conditions worsen: hrs increased, wages cut, union defeated D. Pullman Strike 1.Wages cut but not rent 2.Il National Guard sent in then federal troops 3.Led by Eugene Debs ARU-American Railway Union 4.Nationwide strike 5.End result: 25 dead E.Social Gospel What would Jesus Do? Using Christianity to solve social problems F. Election of 1896 McKinley (Rep) WJ Bryan (Dem) Election 1896 20.4 The Age of Segregation A. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 1.Establishes the Separate but equal Doctrine 2.Gave rise to Jim Crow laws B. Voting Disenfranchisement 1.Literacy test 2.Poll taxes 3.Property qualification 4.Grandfather clause 20.5 Imperialism of Righteousness or Whiteousness? All in the name of imperialism! Imperialism Controlling another country politically, economically, and militarily Why you ask? A. Three factors of Imperialism* 1.Economic competition among industrial nations a.Need for raw material b.new markets for their products (people to sell it to). c.America selling more than it was buying; increase trade/reduce tariffs 2.Political and Military competition a.Strong navy and strategic locations for refueling (pacific islands) 3.Racial Superiority a.Anglo-Saxonism: English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of govt b.Manifest destiny * Not all Americans believed in imperialism Anti-Imperialist League United States represents democracy and self determination B.White Mans Burden Civilization v. Savagery B. Missions 1.Christianity 2.commerce C. Good Neighbor Policy 1.US to intervene if local govt not able to handle revolts/uprisings 2.Want to keep European nations out of LA 3.Great White Fleet D. Hawaii & Queen Lil 1.US needed a pit stop to Asia/refuel 2.Stepping stone to Asian markets 3.Queen Lil: a.Hawaii for Hawaiians b. dethroned by planters supported by marines c.replaced w/ Sanford Dole 4. Hawaii allowed for construction of Pearl Harbor : Hawaii formally an American territory E. Open Door Policy 1.US wants to trade w/China; Sec. of St John Hay 2.Boxer Rebellion (1900) revolt by Chinese rebels wanting foreigners out of their country 3.US sends in troops; put down rebels 20.6: The Spanish-American War A Splendid Little War Short, inexpensive, few causalities, great gains A. America and Cuba 1.Why was U.S. so interested in Cuba? 2.Sugar cane plantations = big business; major buyer 3.US impose tariffs (fees/taxes)= ruined economy for Cuba/Spain 4.Jose Marti a.Cuban rebel lived in NY b.wanted independence from Spain c.First attempt failed; second did not = d.Republic of Cuba, 1895 B. America Supports Rebels 1.William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer a.newspaper owners b.stories about mistreatment of Cubans 2.Used Yellow journalism- a. exaggerated news = b. Amer. support of Cubans c. Cubans fed to sharks 3. Spanish Gen. Weyler The Butcher placed thousands of Cubans in concentration camps C. More reasons to support Cuba 1.Pres. McKinley send USS Maine to Havana in case Spanish loyalist attack Americans in Cuba 2.The De Lome letter, by Spanish ambassador, criticizes Pres. McKinley as weak 3.USS Maine battleship explodes; Spain blamed 4.Jingoism aggressive nationalism, supports war 5.April 25, 1898 lets get ready to rumbllllllllllllle D. War on Two Fronts 1. U.S. declares war on Spain a.First battle, in Philippines; Spanish colony; wanted independence from Spain b.Helped by rebel Emilio Aguinaldo 2. Spain surrenders to Americans not Philippines! Emilio Aguinaldo Commander George Dewey E. Platt Amendment 1. Conditions added to the Cuban constitution. a.Pay back debts to US; not get into debt with other nations b.No treaties w/other country c.Allowed US to intervene/protect when necessary d.build naval station on land; Guantanamo Bay 2.Protectorate country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger country 3.Repealed 1934 F. Philippine-American War (1899) 1.Upset US took over after Spain 2.Revolted against US a.US used same tactics as Spain against Cuba b.Cost of war $400m; US paid Spain $20m for Philippines!! c.Used lands for sugar plantations. 3.US controls from Why? Stepping stone to Asian markets. 5.Independence gained July 4,1946