Ch. 2 Part 2
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Transcript of Ch. 2 Part 2
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Ch. 2Part 2
The Chemical Level of Organization
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Inorganic vs. Organic
• Inorganic– Usually lack carbon– Structurally simple– Include:
• Water• Salts• Acids• Bases
– Exceptions• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
• Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
• Organic– Always contain carbon– Usually contain
hydrogen– Always have covalent
bonds– Most are large
molecules made up of long chains
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Role of Water in the Body
• Most important inorganic compound for life• Almost all chemical reactions in the body need
water to occur• Water is a solvent – dissolves important
substances• Water has high heat capacity – doesn’t change
temperatures easily• Water also acts as a lubricant (mucus) for joints,
food movement, and between thoracic organs
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Acids and Bases
• This is also a review• pH scale – 0-14• Acids (0-6)– Dissociate into hydrogen (H+) ions– Example: HCl
• Bases (0-14)– Dissociate into hydroxide (OH-) ions– Example: NaOH
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Acids and Bases in the Body
• Buffer system – the body’s ability to control pH of certain fluids
• Example:– Blood should have a pH of 7.35-7.45– If the pH of blood gets to high or too low, serious
complications can occur– A buffer system can help correct a pH imbalance• Does this by converting strong acids or bases into weak
acids or bases
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Organic Compounds of the Body
• Organic compounds contain carbon
• Organized into various structures– Macromolecules – large
molecules– Polymers – built by putting
together repeating monomers
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Organic Compounds in the Body
• In order to make a macromolecule– Dehydration synthesis must occur– Removing a water molecule, bind to monomers
together– XOH + YOH → XOY + H2O
• In order to break a macromolecule– Hydrolysis must occur– Adding a water molecule, break to monomers apart– XOY + H2O → XOH + YOH
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4 Major Groups of Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins• Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
• Include: sugars, glycogen, starches, cellulose• Examples in our diet– Bread, pasta, rice, cereal
• Function as a source of chemical energy (quick energy)
• Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen• 3 major groups– Monosaccharides– Disaccharides– polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides – one sugar (sweet)– Glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharides – two sugars (sweet)– Sucrose, lactose, maltose
• Polysaccharides – many sugars (not sweet)– Glycogen, starch, cellulose
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Lipids
• Include: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids• Examples in our diet:– Fats, oils
• Function as a source of energy storage• Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen• Are hydrophobic – do not dissolve in water• Lipids are made of repeating fatty acids
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Lipids
• Triglycerides– Saturated fats – only single covalent bonds– Monounsaturated fats – one double bond– Polyunsaturated fats – more than one double bond
• Phospholipids– Important part of cell membrane
• Steroids– Important part of cell membrane, not all steroids
are anabolic
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Proteins
• Include: proteins and enzymes• Examples in our diet:– Meat, fish, eggs, milk
• Function as catalysts, protect against invaders, hormones, cell transport, building blocks of body
• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
• Proteins are made of repeating amino acids
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Proteins• 20 different amino acids• Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to
create polypeptide chains• Enzymes– Speed up chemical reactions within the body
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Nucleic Acids
• Include: DNA and RNA• Examples in our diet:– none – but we eat the building blocks (amino
acids)• Function as inherited genetic material• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
and phosphorous• Made of repeating chains of nucleotides
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Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides have 3 parts– Sugar– Phosphate– Nitrogenous base
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ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate• ATP is not one of the 4 major groups of
organic molecules• ATP is essential to life – energy source