amARCHITECTURE MALAYS IA

WISMA ANGKASAPURI

R T M

ARC 60203 / ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY II / PROJECT 2 : REPORT / TAYLOR’S LAKESIDE UNIVERSITY

Lee Yet Yee 0322328 Lee Kylie 0326655 Lau Hui Ming 0323827 Kyla Ellana Nazrin Diego 0322409

TUTOR: PN.NORHAYATI

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3C O N T E N T

INTRODUCTIONSITE CONTEXT

ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT

ARCHITECTURE STYLE

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIALS

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS

CONCLUSION

LIST OF REFERENCES

BY . LEE KYLIE

BY . KYLA ELLANA

BY . LAU HUI MING

BY . LEE YET YEE

4 - 5 6 - 11

12 - 15

16 - 21

22 - 2930 - 39

40 - 4344 - 45

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

Angkasapuri is the main governmental bui lding for Malaysia's Ministry of Information. It is the headquarter of Wisma Radio Television Malaysia where it is the main iconic building of the area. The building incorporates international modern style with a twist where the implementation of local influences are applied in designing the building. It embraces the Malaysian culture which characterised the building itself to be special and unique compared to the other buildings built during the post-independence period.

F A S T F A C T S

G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N

B U I L D I N G N A M E

B U I L T Y E A R

L O C A T I O N

A R C H I T E C T

Wisma Radio Television Malaysia

Modernism Period 1968

Pantai Dalam, Kuala Lumpur

Ronald Pratt ( BEP Architect )

5H I S T O R Y

A R C H I T E C T

The history of radio in Malaya began in the year 1921 when an electrical engineer from the Johor Government, A.L. Birch, brought the first radio set into the country. Then in the early 50's, broadcasting activities in Malaya were carried out at a temporary studio located in Jalan Young which is known as Jalan Cenderasari nowadays in Kuala Lumpur. The studio was then moved to the Federal House, Kuala Lumpur during the year 1956. At the year 1963, television services were introduced which brings about the rapid development of broadcasting. Broadcast operations moved their office to Angkasapuri Complex which began its telecast on 6th October 1969. Rangkaian Satu the first channel, encouraged the second channel to be established on 17th November 1969.

Expeditious development in broadcasting for both radio and television began after moving to Angkasapuri. On 20th June 1975, Radio Muzik was launched which provides entertainment in the form of songs which covers listeners of all ages. 1st April 1996 marked RTM's 50 years anniversary and 2 years later, (1998 ) world class sporting events were brought to Kuala Lumpur where the International Broadcasting Centre (IBC) became the centre of broadcasting excellence during the Commonwealth games and RTM is the Host Broadcaster.

TV Malaysia started its early telecast on 1st March 1994. TV2, The Golden Channel, later followed by launching "Moving On Two" in December 1996. At 1995, RTM's website was formed and launched by the Prime Minister, Dato' Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamed which enables listeners to tune to the TV and Radio stations via the Internet.

The architect in charge of the design of Wisma Angkasapuri is Ronald Pratt from BEP Arkitek - Booty and Edward’s Partnership. However, a Canadian architecture and engineering consulting firm is involved where Nicholas James Pappas and his associates is in charge in designing the building as well as the equipments and facilities needed for broadcasting. The design approach of the building focuses more on the function than the form which encourages the form to be majorly affected and influence by the function. Therefore , the equipments and facilities were first designed then the designed came in later. Today, the Pappas organisation is in charge of a wide range of construction departments which travels across the globe including Malaysia.

2004 - Now

1963

1969

1978

1987

1957

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S I T E C O N T E X T A N A L Y S I S

Accessibility in this context is how reachable the building is. In this analysis, accessibility is measured by options of transportation and highway routes. The most popular forms of transportation in the city of Kuala Lumpur, where the RTM building is located in, are road vehicles and public transport namely the train.

The following diagram illustrates the entry point and the accessible routes to the Angkasapuri compound, which houses the RTM building.

The Angkasapuri compound is bounded by two major highways Federal Highway (north side) and the New Pantai Expressway, NPE (east side)

B U I L D I N G A C C E S S I B I L I T Y

7An alternative way to arrive at the RTM building would be to take the KTM Komuter. This is because there is a KTM station located within walking distance from the building. Based on google maps, the duration taken to walk from the Angkasapuri KTM station to the destination only takes about 9 minutes.

The diagram shows the KTM Komuter route map in relation to the Angkasapuri station.

Source: Land Public Transport Commission

ANGKASAPURI KTM STATION

Located r ight opposi te the main entrance of the Angkasapuri compound leading to Wisma RTM

Connected over the NPE v ia an overhead pedestrian bridge

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Wisma RTM is a prominent administrative office building w h e r e h u n d r e d s o f employees frequent every day. To accommodate to the various needs of the people visitingthe building, several facilities are placed surrounding the wisma.

R E L A T I O N S H I P O F W I S M A R T M T O S U R R O U N D I N G S

The diagram shows the important buildings and facilities within the Angkasapuri compound.

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C O M P A R I S O N W I T H S U R R O U N D I N G B U I L D I N G S

Similarities: International style of architecture

Echoes the surrounding structure in terms of the international style of architecture.

Circulation atop the compound :

Linear spatial sequence Encompasses all the buildings and facilities within the vicinity of Wisma RTM

R E S P O N S E T O C L I M A T E

Effective shading using louvers Wisma RTM is not only shaded on the facade but also on either sides facing direct sunlight. As part of its unique architectural style, spade-like louvers are installed. These louvers provide effective shading to the building’s internal space.

Buildings as Blockage

Wisma Radio is placed in such a way that it partially blocks sunlight during sunrise rom Wisma RTM

Strategic placement of building

Direction of sunlight is favourable Wisma RTM faces north, away from the immediate direction of sunlight

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C A S E S T U D Y C O M P A R I S O N

Basic information Name: King Fahad National Library Location: Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Client: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Architect: Gerber Architekten Construction: 2008 - 2013 Completion: November 2013

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A R C H I T E C T U R A L L A Y O U T

Two buildings are connected by the entrance hall ; 10 Storey Administration Block and 3 storey Television House.

A D M I N I S T R A T I O N B L O C K

Located on the right side of the building from the entrance hall. There are stairs and 3 elevators visible from the entrance floor, connecting every 10 floors in the building. The purpose of these stairs are to fulfil the fire escape requirements, and these stairs can be found on the end of the building and the other one are found opposite the elevator.

To provide a maximum flexibility for subdivision into standard government sizes of private, semi-private and general offices, this is where the seven floors are designed for those purposes.

Providing all standard of offices, each floors are co-ordinated with ceilings, air-conditionings and lightings so that partitions that are able to reassemble can be constructed in any number on predetermined locations. However, whole level of f loor may be left unpartitioned or fully partitioned with equal economic usage of space while s a m e l e v e l o f l i g h t i n g a n d a i r -conditioning are maintained.

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E N T R A N C E H A L L

Recognized by its barrel-vaulted roof, the entrance hall is a connecting link to the administration block and the television block. It’s main purpose serves as a meeting point for vis itors and a starting point to tour through the television house with fully equipped as a studio in the C e n t re f o r t e l e c a s t i n g interviews with visitors.

The entrance hall is a 2 storey building with air-conditioning and the first floor suspended with bridge that connects the two main

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T E L E V I S I O N H O U S E

Hierarchy The elevation viewing from the entrance hall shows the hierarchy of each buildings where the administration block placed on top of hill with its unique and iconic design facing the busy highway, the entrance hall with its unique facade and roof, the barrel- vault which functions to provide natural lighting and serves as a transition between two buildings of different departments. The Television House may not have a significant exterior design besides, simple patterns vertically arranged. However, it is tall enough to house studios.

O R G A N I Z A T I O N A N A L Y S I S

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Locating on the south of the Administration Block is the Television House. It consist of 3 floors with space within organized according to i t s needs. To al low better pathing within t h e s p a c e , e a c h d e p a r t m e n t s a r e separated by wide corridors.

A R C H I T E C T U R E S T Y L E

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H I S T O R Y O F I N T E R N A T I O N A L S T Y L E

The specific style adopted by Wisma RTM building is International Style. International style has started in the early of 1920s to begin the modern architecture. During 1920s, this style has mainly develop to Germany, Holland and France before spread to America. With the founders Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson a modern movement in architecture has started in Europe. International Style was suitable to the skyscraper architecture. It seems like "modern" look, zero decoration and use of steel and glass which has become synonymous with corporate modernism during the period 1955-70. It also became the important style of 20th century architecture for institutional and commercial building, schools and churches. Side view of Wisma RTM building

-Picture taken by Yet Yee (23/11/16)

In addition, the International Style having a huge argument between some architects at the beginning of the 20th century. It was because this has to neutral, functional style, without any of the decorative features of historical architecture. Then, the modern buildings should also reflect a clear harmony between appearance, function, and technology for the future. Le Corbusier (1887) had sa id that “To create architecture is to put in order. Put what in order? Function and objects.” There are some common characteristics of International Style. Firstly, the building is in flat and doesn’t have much ornament. Second, it usually used bright colour and which is in white colour. Third, it mainly used concrete, steel and glass as construction materials. Fourth, the repetition can be shown throughout the arrangement of windows and doors. Fifth, it has opened interior space.

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C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F I N T E R N A T I O N A L S T Y L E

Although Wisma RTM building was built in International Style , it has adopted by local climate and cultural influence. In the middle of 18 century, local architect have make an effort to convey Malaysia identity into architecture by using structures and elements of traditional architecture. Most building in the KL in the post-independence period using strong symbolism and boldness to create a national image. Therefore, RTM Building play an important role to reflect Malaysia characteristics and also national identity.

Here are some features of Wisma RTM building. Firstly, it has flat roof which is the common symbol of moder n i sm in th i s century . Second, i t has asymmetrical f loor plan and façade. It has rectangular geometric form. It contains horizontal glass with curtain. Its design has clean lines and very functional because it is used for government working purpose. Therefore there is almost absence ornamentation and decoration. It has lots of repetitive elements such as shading panels. However, the design also need to suit the local climate and environment. Unlike Western style, they mostly used glass or steel for building façade which doesn’t seen in Wisma RTM building. There is less transparency to shade the sunlight towards interior.

This is the view of Wisma RTM building. -Picture taken by Hui Ming (23/11/16)

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L O C A L I N F L U E N C E A N A L Y S I S

When accessing the staircase area there are the strip openings behind the sun shading device. The small openings are used to provide of ventilation and natural sunlight through the staircase.

The repetitive element of shading panel. The shading devices become a key element to define the building’s architectural identity. It is dubbed as a mimicry of the shape of pineapple skin, but some people said it also looks like one of the Dayak tribal shield.

Another repetitive element also can be found on the exterior of lobby building. The barrel vault roof is located in the entrance of lobby. The curved shape has replace the boring flat roof. This h a s b e c o m e o n e o f t h e significant style of the building. U s e d t o r e d u c e s u n l i g h t penetrates inside the space. Provide maximize the cooling effect to the building. It can block the sun glare entering the interior.

The façade shape is arranged uniformly. -Picture taken by Yet Yee 06/11/16

Zoom in of Shading panel -Picture taken by Yet Yee (06/11/16) Image of Dayak Tribal Shield

-Picture taken from Pinterest (2013)

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The ornament under the c u r v e d s h e l l i s f o r decoration purpose. The metal frame that attach the middle of the roof had repetitive in different size which has given shielding effect to interior. It give an attraction and pleasant look. From the interior view t o o u t s i d e v i e w h a s blocked by it . I t also provide light and shadow purpose when the sunlight pass through.

The view from lobby and behind the lobby. - Picture taken by Yet Yee (06/11/16)

There is a lot of repetitive circular shape but in different size. -Taken by Christine (06/11/16)

The staircase can be found behind the lobby -Picture taken by Christine (23/11/16)

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In the main entrance of Wisma RTM building, there are some Malay wood carvings before entering the interior s p a c e . I t h a s a d a p t e d t h e philosophical meaning of peaceful environment. This elements has contemporary with the building to make a unique identity of the traditional Malay design.

As the symbolic of Islamic country Wisma RTM building also combine with Islamic architecture pattern in certain area. Islamic architecture also well spread in Malaysia since most of Malaysian are Muslims. The local flora also influence from Islamic ornamentation. The pathway is located behind the lobby once pass by the counter area. Only staff members can access the area. It decorated with Malay culture elements on the simple arches.

The Malay element wood carvings has attached on the door and office counter as decoration -Picture taken by Hui Ming (23/11/16)

These are some detail of Islamic ornamentation. It is beautifully design with floral patterns. -Picture taken by Hui Ming (23/11/16)

View of pathway behind the lobby. It can be easily identify by the floral pattern carvings. -Picture taken by Christine (23/11/16)

2 1International Building with International Style

The building which I would like to compare with RTM building is King Fahad National Library. It was designed by Gerber Architekten. Its façade look similar as RTM building which means that it has interesting façade that can attract people attention. It also has repetitive form and also used as ventilation and shading purpose.

King Fahad National Library located in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It was completed in November 2013. This project is important for urban development in the country. Its design functions as the main head to accelerate behind the urban development. They also need to rearrange the city. At first it is quite challenging for the architect to design within the existing building and express with Arabian culture. In addition, the façade is also part of the art technology.

Side & Front view of King Fahad National Library. - Picture taken from Arch Daily (2014)

SIMILARITIES

DIFFERENCES

B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N 2 2

C O N C R E T E

S T R U C T U R E & M A T E R I A L S

C U R V E S H E L L R O O F

S U N S H A D I N G PA N E L S

-Taken by Hui Ming (23/11/16)

Concrete is shaped into curve structure form.

- BY LAU HUI MING

One of the main materials used to construct Wisma RTM building is reinforced concrete which is one of the dominant materials used by modernism. It is widely used because it is cheap and durable compare to other building construction materials. It also can be easily pre-fabr icated and mass produced. The concrete is reinforced to improve the concrete’ s weak tens i le strength.

Detail of reinforce concrete

The sun shading panels is used pre-cast concrete “shield-like” form to be installed at the façade. It attach to the reinforcement bar for the structure to sit on it.

Shading panels of Wisma RTM building. -Picture taken by Yet Yee (06/11/16)

Joint details of shading panels.

2 3E X T E R I O R WA L L

Exterior wall is constructed by using brick. It is a unit composed to clay and in rectangular shape. Br ick is one of the components of durable masonry construction in which uniformly shaped individual units are laid in courses with mortar and act as binding materials. They consist of high mass materials with. It has good compress ive strength formed into units. Brick can lifted and handled by a single worker.

A L U M I N I U M S T R I P C E I L I N G

Brick construction detail.

- BY LEE KYLIE

Strip suspended ceiling description: Advantage:

Different sound-absorbing cloth meet different requirement Function: Acoustical, Fireproof, Waterproof, Washable, Light reflect Surface color can be stable for 12-20 years Flexible suspension system makes each ceiling tile easily installed and Surface smooth and easy cleaning

- aluminium strip ceiling is used as the outdoor ceiling of Wisma RTM

2 4G Y P S U M B O A R D C E I L I N G

Gypsum board is the generic name for a family of panel products that consist of a noncombustible core, composed primarily of gypsum, and a paper surfacing on the face, back and long edges. Gypsum board is one of several building materials covered by the umbrella term “gypsum panel products.”

The diagram illustrates the construction and installation details

W O O D C A R V I N G S

On the interior space of the building, mainly the lobby area is where designed Malay elements of wood carvings can be found. The lobby has the most hottest spot for human circulation. Therefore, more ornamentations were placed in the lobby. This also serves as a welcoming space as for visitors would be fascinated by its detailed and significant carvings. Malay ornamentation can usually be distinguished by the carvings of floral patterns where it was inspired by local florals and influenced by islamic ornamentation.

- BY KYLA

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Interior walls of the building were mostly made up of timber with certain thickness. As a broadcasting building, the walls were built to considerate sound filtration, preventing disturbance to or from any rooms. Therefore, it function to insulate the sound system for privacy purposes.

W O O D F I N I S H E S

2 6T I L E S - BY LEE YET YEE

C E R A M I C T I L E S

Ceramic tiles are used as the paving material for the walkway from the main entrance of Angkasapuri to the main building- Wisma RTM. It also can be seen at the landscape area right before the entrance of the main building. Both area made use of unglazed ceramic which has slip resistant as the surface is rougher compared to the glazed tiles. In addition, unglazed ceramic tiles are resistant to scratch which is very easy to maintain as it only requires simple cleaning. Moisture resistant is one of the major benefit of ceramic tiles therefore it is vastly suitable to be used as the flooring for the outdoor area as it is exposed to rain water.

Ceramic tiles used for the floorings of the walkway which leads to the building and the landscape area. -Source: Lee Yet Yee (2016)

Besides being used as flooring material, ceramic tiles are also wisely used on the wall of the building as well as designed framings for the windows. The ceramic tile used are blue in colour where it is glazed after an additional firing process in kiln which adds a layer of liquid glass to the surface of the tiles. Glazed ceramic tiles are good stain resistant as it has an additional top coat to protect the surface of the tile. The size of blue ceramic tiles can be commonly seen in swimming pools or as flooring for toilets. Instead of using mere blue ceramic tiles, black ceramic tiles are incorporated to form a simple yet interesting design on the walls.

Blue ceramic tiles used on wall -Source: Lee Yet Yee (2016)

Blue ceramic tiles as framings for windows -Source: Lee Yet Yee (2016)

Black ceramic tiles form a square for design purposes -Source: Lee Yet Yee (2016)

2 7T E R R A Z Z O T I L E S

Most of the tiles used for the interior part are glazed Terrazzo tiles. It is widely used during the late 19th century and 20 th centu ry . Te r razzo t i le a re aesthetically appealing to the eye as it has a idiosyncratic appearance where the composition could be visible. It has a grainy appearance where tiny bits of gravels could be seen. This is due to the composition of terrazzo tiles which consist of ground up particles like granite, marble or quartz.

Terrazzo tiles are widely used due to its durability as it uses the same polymer which binds all the composition together compared to concrete. Thus achieve extreme durability which can withstand great load. Furthermore, it is easy to maintain as the surface of the tiles are sealed compactly which prevents chemical elements from entering that could stain the tiles.

Terrazzo tiles used as the material for interior flooring -Source: Lee Yet Yee (2016)

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Stones are used as the material for outdoor pavements which can be seen in the courtyard area, walkway and retaining wall. Terra cotta cobble stones are used for the courtyard area where it provides a sense of sturdiness. It is arranged to create a repetitive semi-circular fan shape which enhances the are by its rhythmic appearance. Cobble stones are very durable and able to last for a few decades despite being exposed to extreme temperature changes. It is maintenance-free and only need minimal cleaning efforts. Therefore it is suitable to be used at the courtyard as it is open to the weather.

P A V I N G S

S T O N E

Clay brick pavers are used at the walkway next to the entrance of the main building. Clay gives out an earthy appeal which causes it to be a perfect material for outdoor pavements. Clay bricks comes in many shapes and colours. Octagon shaped clay bricks w i t h a d e s i g n e d a r r a n g e m e n t consisting of both red and grey colour is used for the walkway.

C L AY B R I C K

Terrazzo tiles used as the material for interior flooring -Source: Lee Yet Yee (2016)

Terrazzo tiles used as the material for interior flooring -Source: Lee Yet Yee (2016)

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F L A G S T O N E

Flagstones are used to build a re t a i n i n g s t r u c t u re w h i c h gradually increase in inclination along with the stairs.

-Source: Lee Yet Yee (2016)

A R C H I T E C T U R A L E L E M E N T S C O M P O N E N T S A N A L Y S I S

F A C A D E

& 30

The shading panels are made from pre-cast concrete where it is designed to look like the dorsal view of a horseshoe s h e l l c r a b , w h e r e i t c o n s i s t o f cephalothorax and abdomen part with an additional telson at the end. It also resembles a shield The concrete panel structure creates a contemporary ambience to the building where the material itself is reduced to its bare essential without any furnishing touches. The rawness of the texture and colour of the concrete is perfectly celebrated by appreciating the very true nature of concrete itself. Beside shading the building from direct sunlight, these panels act as grilles which provides protection and at the same time improve the ventilation of the building. A discreet view and vistas is also created through these panels where only certain view is visible where it act as a visual barrier to block away unwanted sights.

The main feature of the building is the repetition of shading panels on all facades of the building. The usage of horseshoe crab shell like shading panels makes the building stands out from the other contextual building which creates a different ambience. The aesthetic value of the building is elevated to be visually pleasing and satisfying but at the same time, functional. These panels provides sufficient shading to the building which suits the weather and climate in Malaysia - tropical rainforest climate which is usually hot and humid throughout the year.

Horseshoe shell crab

Tr a d i t i o n a l Dayak Shield

Facade of Wisma RTM building with the usage of horseshoe shell crab shaped sun-shading panels. -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

3 1R O O F

The roof located at the entrance hall is also one of the significant element which creates a harmonious contrast with the main facade of the building. Due to environmental factors, the roof is designed to be a barrel vaulted roof so as to limit the heat from the sun as well as prevent glare from reaching the window. Harmonious contrast is created between the roof and the facade of the building as the design principle - repetition is used in both features.

Repetition can be again seen through the design of circular metal framing which consist of circles in 2 different sizes, repeated in a vertical axis where it achieves symmetry in design.These circular metal frame act as an ornamentation to the barrel vaulted roof where it creates different view from the exterior and interior of that particular area of the building. On the other hand, it also limit the light penetration through the building and creates a pattern of light and shadow when sunlight passes through the circular openings.

The barrel vaulted roof which portrays an organic and dynamic form it breaks the dullness of the flat roof of the entire building. It provides a new spatial experience where curved shape is introduced in the building. A contrast in shape and form can be visually seen through the exterior of the building when walking through the walkway. This reflects the potential in modern architecture where rigid and dynamic form can be designed to fit in a same building in achieving a harmonious and visually pleasing contrast. The viewer’s eyes is enlightened as there is a change in form which happens to be unexpected.

Aluminium circular openings which act ac an ornamentation to the barrel vaulted roof -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

Barrel vaulted roof of the building -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

Harmonious contrast between the barrel vaulted roof and flat roof -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

C E I L I N G

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The barrel vault ceiling of the main hall creates happens to form a clerestory. T h i s a l l o w s v i e w e r t o h a v e a pleasurable spatial experience due to the high ceilings which indirectly creates a spacious feeling. A huge amount of natural lighting enters from the openings of the barrel vaulted roof where it creates a majestic ambience when viewing from the interior as the sunlight shines its way through the openings of the entrance hall.

Chandeliers are hung form the ceiling for decoration purposes as the amount of natural light is sufficient to brighten up the main hall. Therefore the use of artificial light is not needed when the sunlight shines through the building from morning till evening.

Barrel vaulted ceilings formed due to the shape of the roof -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

3 3W A L L S

The main building consists of areas like theat re rooms , record ing rooms , broadcasting room and etc. Each of t h e s e a r e a s a r e s e p a r a t e d b y soundproofed stud walls with timber finishes. The timber walls not only act as a partition to indicate different spaces with their respective functions but also act as a sound insulation device where sound from the exterior would not cause disturbance to the ongoing activities in each spaces.

Interiors walls which act as an indication and separation of spaces -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

3 4F E N E S T R A T I O N

Openings are designed to be in a grid-like arrangement where the repetition of geometric shape can be seen. These grid-like openings are located along the stairway which serves as a single vertical circulation for the whole building. The purpose of the openings are to provide ventilation purposes which allow air flow from the exterior to the stairway and vice versa. Despite being a stairway that is located beside the exit which is not visible from the main spaces, the openings are designed to enhance the aesthetic value of the user experience when using the stairs.

The walls are painted in white but the inner part of the openings are purposely painted in orange. This has immediately meliorate the humdrum ambience of the stairway with the play of light and shadow as well as the bright and plainness in colour when the light rays shine through the openings.

Openings at the stairway which allows ventilation -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

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C I R C U L A T I O N - S T A I R S

Terrazzo, a material used specifically for flooring consisting of either marble chip or granite set in concrete and polished to achieve a smooth and unadorned surface is used in the design of the stairs in the building. It was adapted in Art Deco’s design concept which represents the characteristic of international style in neo-classical theme. However, floor tiles were used for the steps of the stairs for the ground floor and first floor. The replacement of tiles over terrazzo is due to the change of interior of the space where it has to suit the contemporary style of the surrounding.

In contempt of the rigid geometric shapes used for the openings for the stairway, the openings on the facade of the courtyard is designed to be peculiar. The windows are designed with a border made of ceramic tiles. For the interior facade of the courtyard, the window is designed to be in a pentagon shape whereas for the exter ior, the rectangular shaped window is wrapped by an oval border. Contrast in shape could be seen through the openings which creates different visual experience for the viewers.

Designed windows which incorporate geometric shapes -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

-Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

Terrazzo tiles used for the steps of the stairs -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

Tiled stairs used for the ground floor and 1st floor -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

3 6O R N A M E N T A T I O N S

Devoid of ornamentations is one of the elements that reflects the international style. However, during the mid 18th century, traditional architecture is implanted into the design of buildings elements by local architects where a character and identify could be recognised. Therefore, wood carvings are used at the entrances, borders on walls and doors. The ornamentations are based on floral patterns and the influence of Islamic ornamentations. A Malaysian traditional aspect is added to the building which separates the building from other common international style buildings.

Ornamentations could be found around the courtyard where Islamic motifs were implied. There are two wide classifications of Islamic art which are the interlacing of patterns namely arabesque and girih. Arabesque is a manifestation of artistic decoration which consists of rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing of floral patterns. This could be seen at the ornamentation used for the wood carvings. However, unlike the wood carvings, the courtyard portrayed a different style of Is lamic ornamentations which is called girih. Girih is the opposite of arabesque as it is made up of geometric line to form interlaced ornamentations.

Wood carvings on the walls which reflects the Malaysian culture -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

A same theme of geometric patterns are used for the ornamentations at the courtyard. The geometric lines are interlaced into star patterns. They tend to be rigidly geometric in design, and feature star-shaped polygonal regions. According to Craig S. Kaplan (2009), there is no precise definition of an Islamic star pattern. In fact, the start act as a symbol that epitomise Islam. Cyril Glassé in his The New Encyclopaedia of Islam (2001 edition, s.v. "Moon") states that "in the language of conventional symbols, the crescent and star have become the symbols of Islam as much as the cross is the symbol of Christianity. The star shape is not only used on the ornamentation but as the shape for the water feature and flooring of the courtyard area which fully embrace the traits of Islam.

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Islamic motifs of geometric star shape incorporated in grills and floorings. -Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

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C A S E S T U D Y C O M P A R I S O N

G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N

Building : King Fahad National Library Location : Saudi Arabia, capital Riyadh Architect : Gerber Architekten Completion Year : 2013

The King Fahad National Library, plays a prominent role as a manifestation of cultural buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The design celebrates and embrace the Arabian culture where the existing building is remained with an additional cuboid-structured building encloses the existing one in it.

S I M I L A R I T I E S

Architectural Style

International Modern

Form

Design Principle - Facade

Facade Concept

Cuboid

Influence

Localised

Malaysian & Arabian culture

Application of Sun Shading Structures

Repetition

3 9D I F F E R E N C E S

Facade

RTM King Fahad National Library

Horseshoe crab shell like shading panels

Cladding of rhomboid textile awnings

Composition of Building

Open courtyard In the center

Encloses building in the center

Light Penetration

Barrel Vaulted Roof

Sky light

Ceiling

Interior Space

Ornamentations

Barrel Vaulted

Flat & High

Complex Spacious

Wood Carvings, Grills

Devoid of Ornamentations

Wisma Radio Television Malaysia, an iconic bui lding of Angkasapuri as well as a representation of international modern style has act as an eye opener for me. The creativeness in designing every single aspect of the bui ld ing was put into ser ious considerations. The building is designed not only to be visually stunning but functional as well. The application of local influences to the building has marked the uniqueness and character which represents our country, Malaysia. I am veraciously astound by the level of considerations in designing and construction the building. Each part of the building components like style, function, ventilation, light penetration, ambience, spatial experience and many more are taken in to de l iberat ion so as to meet the requirements of an international modern style building. In addition, I have also gained unfathomable knowledge and understanding of the history of the building in relation to its architecture style and building components. Cultural aspects were integrated in the elements of the building like wood carvings and Islamic motifs which enhances the ambience of the area. In a nutshell, I have benefited through this project where I have gained the awareness on the importance to comprehend the architecture culture and history which will aid and inspire future designs and projects.

Lee Yet Yee

C O N C L U S I O N4 0

This project has taught me a lot in terms of the international modern architectural style and I couldn’t be more grateful to have the opportunity to widen my horizon this way. Throughout the course of research, the numerous site visits to Angkasapuri and the compilation process, I have learned that culture and history of architecture is more than classroom theories and slideshows. The essence of it can only be felt through self-initiatives. Before embarking on this project I personally have close to zero knowledge on this module. However, with the combination of helpful lectures and out-of-classrooms activities, I have gained so much knowledge on this particular subject. Also, with the help of my group members, I have learned the meaning of teamwork. In a nutshell, this project has been a wholesome one for me.

Lee Kylie

4 1

This project has taught and gain mostly of my knowledge about different architectural styles and diagrams. It was a great opportunity to learn the interesting architecture as well as its materials of our chosen building. Nonetheless, i am glad and thankful enough to be teamed up with my wonderful group members and hope we'll be as a group again in the future.

Kyla Diego

4 2

4 3

Throughout this project I have learnt more about the international style of architecture. International style has bring great effect to the world. It is simple and modern which is totally different from the historical architecture such Greek, Roman, Gothic and Baroque. Malaysia also adopted this k ind of sty le after independence. More and more modern building were built on during the period. However, it is quite challenge for local architect to design an identity of Malaysia building since we are a new country and live in multicultural and multi-ethnic society. Wisma RTM is one of the building which successfully create an identity building in Malaysia. I was impressed by its unique façade. The inspiration of façade is come from the Malay belangkas which mean shield. In addition the façade is used for ventilation and shading purpose. Wisma RTM has adopted the essence of western architecture and local influences as well as become one of the landmark in Kuala Lumpur. The style and component has become further study for local architect too.

Lau Hui Ming

4 4L I S T O F R E F E R E N C E S

Alexander, R. (2001). The importance of the Islamic star | the classroom. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from http://classroom.synonym.com/importance-islamic-star-7798.html

ArchDaily. (2014, January 22). King Fahad national library / Gerber Architekten. Retrieved November 24, 2016, from http://www.archdaily.com/469088/king-fahad-national-library-gerber-architekten

Charlotte. (2015, January 12). The different characteristics of glazed and Unglazed tile. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from https://www.builddirect.com/learning-center/flooring/characteristics-glazed-and-unglazed-tile/

J.s var. (2034, October 3). Clay Brick Pavers. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from http://www.paversearch.com/brick-pavers-menu.htm

M. Wyles. (2015, May 19). Detailed 12 pointed geometric star creation Retrieved November 20, 2016, from https://mattwyles.wordpress.com/2015/05/19/detailed-12-pointed-geometric-star-creation/

Papparelli, F. (2015, July 2). The advantages and disadvantages of terrazzo flooring - practical do it yourself home and yard maintenance. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from, http://papparelli.com/2015/07/02/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-terrazzo-flooring/

Unknown. (2016, December 4). Radio Television Malaysia. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from About Us- Background, http://www.rtm.gov.my/en/about-us/background

Unknown. (2011, January 1). Networx. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from The Benefits of Ceramic Tile, http://www.networx.com/article/ceramic-tile-benefits

S. Kaplan. (2009). Islamic star patterns. Retrieved November 25, 2016, from http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/csk/projects/starpatterns/

By : Lee Yet Yee - Building Elements & Components

4 5

Angkasapuri final report. (2016). Slideshare.net. Retrieved 8 November 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/JeffOng9612/angkasapuri-final-report\

Culture & History 2 (ARC 60203) - Project 2: Web Book. (2016). issuu. Retrieved 8 November 2016, from https://issuu.com/keehuipua/docs/final_3

International Style | architecture. (2016). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2016, from https://global.britannica.com/art/International-Style-architecture

King Fahad National Library / Gerber Architekten. (2016). ArchDaily. Retrieved 22 November 2016, from http://www.archdaily.com/469088/king-fahad-national-library-gerber-architekten

King Fahd National Library » Maffeis.it. (2016). Maffeis.it. Retrieved 22 November 2016, from http://www.maffeis.it/our-projects/container/king-fahd-national-library/

Le Corbusier | The Father of “International Style” Design. (2016). Black Watch. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from https://42ndblackwatch1881.wordpress.com/2009/04/25/le-corbusier-the-father-of-international-style-design/

King Fahad National Library - Gerber Architekten. (2016). Gerber Architekten. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from https://www.gerberarchitekten.de/en/project/king-fahad-national-library/

Angkasapuri. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkasapuri

King Fahad National Library / Gerber Architekten. (2014). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from http://www.archdaily.com/469088/king-fahad-national-library-gerber-architekten

King fahad national library by gerber architekten. (2016). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from http://www.designboom.com/architecture/king-fahad-national-library-by-gerber-architekten-01-19-2014/

KTM Komuter Route Map. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from http://www.spad.gov.my/transport-operators/rail/ktm-komuter-route-map

By : Lau Hui Ming - Architecture Style

By : Lee Kylie - Site Context

Designed & Compiled By Lee Yet Yee