Ch 18.3 New Nations in AfricaAFTER WWII, AFRICAN LEADERS THREW OFF COLONIAL RULE AND CREATED INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES.

Negritude MovementA movement for African independence that started before World War II.

French–speaking Africans and West Indians celebrated their heritage of traditional African culture and values.

Ghana [former British colony]1957

Revolutionary Leader: Kwame Nkrumah Nkrumah’s Tactics:

◦ Organized boycotts and strikes

Reforms:◦ Expensive Health, education, & welfare programs◦ Dreamed of “United States of Africa”

Problems he faced:◦ Overthrown by a coup in 1966◦ Political & Economic Instability since then

Kwami Nkrumah

President of GhanaPresident John Dramani

MAHAMA

Kenya [Former British Colony] 1963

Tactics used by the Mau-Mau:◦ Frighten whites & forced them out of the northern highlands◦ Used guerilla tactics

Kenyatta’s Reforms:◦ Tried to unite ethnic & language groups◦ Develop businesses

Resulting Problems: ◦ Civil Unrest under next leader, Daniel arap Moi

MZEE JOMO KENYATTA 1ST PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC

OF KENYA

President Uhuru KENYATTA

Zaire, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)

Former colony of Belgium Gained independence by: Granted suddenly by Belgium

Mobutu’s rule was: Brutal & Corrupt. Resulting problems:

◦ Depleted resources◦ Extreme Poverty◦ Social Unrest; He was overthrown by Laurent Kabila in

1997. Kabila was assassinated in 2001. His son, Joseph Kabila, took power.

Mobutu Sese Seko

Laurent Kabila Joseph Kabila

Current

Algeria [Former colony of France] 1962

Gained independence by: ◦ FLN (Algerian Nat’l Liberation Front) fought against France for

their independence.

Ben Bella’s Program◦ Attempted to form a socialist state but was overthrown by a

coup in 1965

Problems:◦ Unsuccessful attempts to industrialize◦ High Unemployment◦ Rise of Fundamentalist Islamists◦ Continuing civil unrest

Ahmed Ben Bella

Current President of AlgeriaAbdelaziz Bouteflika

“Elected” in 2004 after all other candidates dropped out.

Angola [Former colony of Portugal] 1975

Gained independence by: Fought against Portugal Causes of their civil war:

◦ Communist rebel group MPLA declared itself the rightful ruler of independent Angola. They were supported by Cuba & USSR

◦ UNITA rebel group fought against MPLA with support from the USA

Continuing problems:◦ Civil war continued until 2002.

José Eduardo dos Santos

President of Angola since l979.

His son is Vice President.