Ch. 16 Notes.notebook

1

January 20, 2017

Jan 4­8:12 AM

Monday, January 3rd, 20171) Seating arrangement

2) Explain QOTD:

"To protect your eyes when mixing strong caustics or acids, it is recommended you wear..."

3) Go through agenda, rules, and safety

4) Explain Lab Safety Poem/Song Assignment

5) Work time

Jan 3­8:59 AM

Jan 3­7:52 AM

Tuesday, January 4th, 20171) Check in cell phones

2) Answer the QOTD:

"Identify examples of a solid, liquid, and a gas in your classroom"

3) Be ready to present your lab safety songs/raps

4) We will check Ch. 16 Vocab Ready to check­ 12 words after we present songs

Jan 4­8:17 AM

Section 1­ Kinetic TheoryA) States of Matter

1. Kinetic Theory is an explanation of how particles in matter behave.– all matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions)

– These particles are in constant, random motion.

– These particles collide with each other and the walls of their container.

Jan 4­8:35 AM

Matter­ anything that has mass and takes up space (water,gold)­­ NOT matter­ light, heat, color

Jan 4­8:37 AM

Chemical properties­ characteristics that are observed by changing matter composition.

e.g.­ oxidation (reacts with oxygen), flammability, reactivity, electrolysis

Properties of matterPhysical properties­ characteristics that can be observed by changing matter composition.

e.g.­ color, odor, shape, mass, volume, density, texture, conductivity, state, bp, fp..

Ch. 16 Notes.notebook

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January 20, 2017

Jan 4­8:41 AM

Changes in matterPhysical change­ alters the substance without changing is compositione.g.­ breaking, bending, tearing, grinding, melting, freezing, vaporization (liquid­­> gas)

Chemical change­ involves one or more substance changing into a new substance.e.g.­change in color, production of light, release gas/ fizz, odor, form a precipitate, sometimes produce sound

Jan 4­8:11 AM

2. Thermal Energy­ total energy of a material's particles; causes particles to vibrate in place.

3. Average kinetic energy­ temperature of the substance, or how fast the particles are moving; the lower the temperature, the slower the particle motion.

Jan 4­8:13 AM

4. Solid state­ particles tightly packed in a specific geometric arrangement.

Jan 4­8:16 AM

5. Liquid­ a solid begins to liquefy at the melting point as the particles gain enough energy to overcome their ordered arrangement.

– Energy required to reach the melting point= heat of fusion.

– liquid particles have more space between them, allowing them to flow and take the shape of their container

Jan 4­8:18 AM

6. Gaseous state­ a liquid's particles have enough energy to escape the attractive forces of the other particles in the liquid.

Jan 5­8:52 AM

a. Heat of vaporization is the energy required for a liquid to change to a gas.

b. at the boiling point, the pressure of a liquid's vapor is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere, and the liquid becomes a gas.

c. Gas particles spread evenly throughout their container in the process of diffusion.

Ch. 16 Notes.notebook

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January 20, 2017

Jan 5­8:54 AM

a.) Heating curve of a liquid­ as a solid melts and a liquid vaporizes, the temperature remains constant; the temperature will increase after the attractive forces of the earlier state have been overcome.

Jan 5­8:56 AM

8. Plasma­ state of matter consisting of high­temperature gas with balanced positively and negatively charged particles.

Jan 4­8:33 AM

States of matter

State shape volume particle arrangement

particle motion

solid definate definite tightly packed vibrates

liquid variable definate loosely packed slip past one another

gas variable variable far apart random motion

plasma­ (found in stars, LCD)

gas­ like

exisits at extremely high temperatures

variable

mixture of +/­ charges

overall charge neutral

high­ energy collisions strip electrons

Jan 4­8:25 AM

Thermal expansion­ increase in the size of a substance when the temperature increases.

1. The size of a substance will then decrease when the temp. decreases.

Jan 5­8:58 AM

2. expansion and contraction occur in most solids, liquids, and gases.

3. **Water is an exception because it expands as it becomes a solid. (temperature decrease)

Jan 5­8:59 AM

c. Some substances do not react as expected when changing states.1) Amorphous solids­ lack the tightly ordered structure found in crystals

a) do not have definite m.p.

b) e.g.­ glass, plastic

• Glass melts 1400°C to 1600°C• Lead melts at 327°C

Ch. 16 Notes.notebook

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January 20, 2017

Jan 5­9:04 AM

2. Liquid crystals do not lose their ordered arrangement completely; used in liquid crystal displays in watches, clocks, calculators, and computers.

Jan 5­8:41 AM

Thursday, January 5, 2017

1. Answer the QOTD:

"What do the flat portions of a heating curve indicate about a substance?"

If you did not present your lab safety song yesterday, be prepared to present at the start of class.

Jan 5­9:00 AM

SR #1 p. 4831. all matter is composed of small particles, all particles are in

constant, random motion, and the particles are constantly colliding.

2. Solid: vibrate in place, Liquid: slide past one another, Gas: move freely and randomly collide

3. The particles gain enough kinetic energy to slip out of their ordered arrangement.

4. The particles in the liquid overcome the downward pressure and escape from the liquid. (atm pressure and liquid presure are equal)

5. Lower because atm pressure is lower, the appliance creates a higher pressure above the liquid.

6. n/a7. Draw Heat Curve below:

Jan 6­8:27 AM

Friday, January 6th, 20171) Check in cell phones

2) Answer the QOTD:

"1. What is the name for the process of a liquid changing into a gas?"A. Melting B. Vaporization C. Sublimation D.Condensation"

3) Take out signed copied of your lab safety contracts

Jan 6­9:55 AM

Enrich: Changes in State

Jan 9­8:22 AM

Monday, January 9th, 20171. Copy down the week's assignments/activities

in your agenda book2. answer the QOTD:

"what term do we use to describe the amount of energy required for a liquid at its boiling point to

become a gas?"1. Take out PDB lab and enrich wksh

Ch. 16 Notes.notebook

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January 20, 2017

Jan 6­8:30 AM

Sec. 2­ Properties of FluidsA. Buoyancy­ the ability of a fluid(liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.

Jan 6­8:31 AM

1. An object will float if its weight is less than the buoyant force acting on it from the fluid.

2. An object will sink if its weight is more than the buoyant force acting on it from the fluid.

Jan 6­8:32 AM

3. Archemedes principle­ buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

4. An object will float if its density is less than the density of the fluid it is placed in.

Jan 6­8:34 AM

B. Pascal's principle­ pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid.

1) Pressure is force exerted per unit area

F

P A

F = Force (Newtons)

P = Pressure (Pascal)

A = Area (m2)

Jan 9­8:38 AM

Practice problem p. 487

Jan 9­8:38 AM

2) Hydraulic machines use this principle to lift heavy loads.

Ch. 16 Notes.notebook

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January 20, 2017

Jan 6­8:41 AM

C. Bernoulli's principle­ as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases.

• airplanes use this principle to fly.

Jan 6­8:44 AM

D. Viscosity­ a liquid's resistance to flow

1. Molecular structure determines a fluid's viscosity.

2. Increased temperature will lower viscosity.

Jan 7­1:24 PM

1) Answer the QOTD:"An object was dropped into a graduated cylinder that contained 40 mL. The water level rose to 65 mL. Determine the volume of that object. The object has a mass of 25.4 g. Find the Density of the object and determine if it will sink or float. Hint: Density of water is 1.0 g/mL."

Tuesday, January 10th, 2017

Jan 10­9:01 AM

SR #2 p. 4891. Weight is pushing down and buoyancy force is pushing up2. Archemedes' principle says that the buoyant force on an

object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. the overall density of an air­filled ship is less than that of water.

3. when you squeeze one end of a mustard container, the pressure is transmitted throughout the mustard, forcing it out the top (Pascal's Principle)

4. The fast moving winds in tornadoes create low pressure area above the roof. The pressure under the roof is greater than the pressure pushing down, so the roof flies off.

5. the air in the balloon is compressed, so its weight is greater than the buoyant force of the surrounding air. Helium is less dense than air, and the balloon would float.

6. N/A7.

Jan 8­4:13 PM

Wednesday, January 11th, 20171) Check in Cell Phones

2) Answer the QOTD:

"Mary and Bob are both boiling water in different cities. If Mary's water boils at 86ºC and Bob's water boils at 90ºC which of the two is at a higher altitude? How do you know?"3) Take out note­taking guide 16.3

Jan 8­4:14 PM

16.3­ Behavior of GasesA. Pressure is measured in a unit called a Pascal (Pa).1. Collisions of particles in air result in

atmospheric pressure.

2. Moving particles colliding with the inside walls of a container result in gas pressure.

Ch. 16 Notes.notebook

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January 20, 2017

Jan 11­8:38 AM

1) Pressure is force exerted per unit area

**One Pa is equal to 1 N/m2

**Most often given in kilopascals (kPa)

**At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa

F

P A

F = Force (Newtons, N)

P = Pressure (Pascal, Pa)

A = Area (m2)

RECALL:

Jan 8­4:17 PM

B. Boyle's Law­ relates pressure and volume.1. Volume decreases as pressure increases.

2. Pressure decreases as volume increases.3. Pressure multiplied by volume is always equal to constant if the temperature is constant.

Jan 11­8:48 AM

Practice Problem p. 493

Jan 8­4:23 PM

C. Charles Law­ relates volume and temperature1. At a constant pressure, volume increases as

temperature increases.2. At a constant pressure, volume decreases as

temperature decreases.

Jan 8­4:25 PM

D. Gay­ Lussac's Law­ relates pressure and temperature; at a constant volume, as temperature increases, pressure increases.

Jan 13­8:24 AM

Thursday, January 12th, 2017

1) Check in cell phones

2) Answer the QOTD:"In a 30 cm3 sealed cylinder, the initial temperature reading is 30°C. The cylinder is heated until the thermometer records 60°C. What is the final volume of gas? What Law did you use to solve this problem?"

Ch. 16 Notes.notebook

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January 20, 2017

Jan 12­8:59 AM

SR #3 p. 4951. Gas particles move and collide with the sides of their

container2. The pressure at sea level is 101.3 kPa; pressure

decreases as the distance from earth (altitude) increases

3. The volume of the balloon will decrease because the pressure increased.

4. The gas burner heats the air in the balloon increasing the volume of the balloon and decreasing the air's density causing the balloon to rise.

5. As temp. increases, pressure increases. The cylinder might explode.

6. P1V1=P2V2

7. V1/T1= V2/T2

Jan 14­8:51 AM

Friday, January 13, 2017

1) Check in Cell phones

2) Answer the QOTD:"To lift an object weighing 6,000 N, how much force is needed on a small piston with an area of 0.072 m2 if the large pistion has an area of 3.8 m2?"

3) Take out your Mastery and a pen

4) Study quietly for your quiz.

Jan 11­9:01 AM

Tuesday, January 171. Check in cell phones2. Answer the QOTD:

What is the pressure on a scuba diver found 10 meters below the surface of the water?

1. Take out Bill Nye video wksh and pass forward!

Jan 14­1:51 PM

Pascal's Principles

Boyle's Law

Charles Law

Archemedes Principle

Gay­ Lusacs's Law

Bernoulli's Principle

Buoyancy

Viscosity

Area

Pressure