Ch. 16 EU: In what ways and to Ch. 16 EU: In what ways and to what extent was industrial what extent was industrial development from 1800 to 1860 a development from 1800 to 1860 a factor in the relationship between factor in the relationship between the northern and the southern the northern and the southern states?states?

Ch. 16 EU: In what ways and to Ch. 16 EU: In what ways and to what extent was industrial what extent was industrial development from 1800 to 1860 a development from 1800 to 1860 a factor in the relationship between factor in the relationship between the northern and the southern the northern and the southern states?states?

Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North

Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.

Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.

Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in

Richmond, VA

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Southern Southern AgricultureAgricultureSouthern Southern

AgricultureAgriculture

Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling in a Sugar-Boiling

House, 1823House, 1823

Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling in a Sugar-Boiling

House, 1823House, 1823

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

18201820

18601860

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”

William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842

““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”

William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842

Characteristics Characteristics of the of the

Antebellum Antebellum SouthSouth

Characteristics Characteristics of the of the

Antebellum Antebellum SouthSouth

1.1. Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.

2.2. Economic power shifted from the Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”“upper South” to the “lower South.”

3.3. ““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!” * 1860 * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). (57% of total US exports).

4.4. Very slow development of Very slow development of industrialization.industrialization.

5.5. Rudimentary financial system.Rudimentary financial system.

6.6. Inadequate transportation system.Inadequate transportation system.

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]

The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”

[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]

6,000,0006,000,000

Black FreemenBlack FreemenBlack FreemenBlack Freemen

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

250,000250,000

Total US Population Total US Population 23,000,000 23,000,000[9,250,000 in the South = 40%][9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

Southern Southern PopulationPopulationSouthern Southern

PopulationPopulation

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave muzzle

Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet

Slave tag, SC

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave leg irons

Slave shoes

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?

Scarlet and MammieScarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)(Hollywood Again!)

Scarlet and MammieScarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)(Hollywood Again!)

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”

A Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave Family

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00

Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy

Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00

Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of jail, $540.00

Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00

US Laws Regarding US Laws Regarding SlaverySlavery

US Laws Regarding US Laws Regarding SlaverySlavery

1. U. S. Constitution: * 3/5s compromise [I.2] * fugitive slave clause [IV.2]

2. 1793 Fugitive Slave Act.

3. 1850 stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

Southern Slavery--> An Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?Aberration?

Southern Slavery--> An Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?Aberration? 1780s: 1st antislavery society created in

Phila.

By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state.

1807: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy.

1820s: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free.

1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire.

1844: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies.

1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

Slavery Was Less Slavery Was Less Efficient Efficient

in the U. S. than in the U. S. than ElsewhereElsewhere

Slavery Was Less Slavery Was Less Efficient Efficient

in the U. S. than in the U. S. than ElsewhereElsewhere

High cost of keeping slaves fromescaping.

GOAL raise the “exit cost.” Slave patrols.

Southern Black Codes.

Cut off a toe or a foot.

Slave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave Resistance1. Pretense of being unable to be educated or trained

2.Refusal to work hard.

3.Isolated acts of sabotage.

4.Escape via the Underground Railroad.

Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

Abolitionists of the Abolitionists of the NorthNorth

The South & Slavery - The South & Slavery - PersonalitiesPersonalities• Theodore Weld: Theodore Weld: Slavery As It IsSlavery As It Is

– Formed basis of ethical argument against slaveryFormed basis of ethical argument against slavery– Argued slavery destroyed & degraded the image Argued slavery destroyed & degraded the image

of God in Manof God in Man– Converted Tappan Bros. & J. BirneyConverted Tappan Bros. & J. Birney

• William Lloyd Garrison: William Lloyd Garrison: Boston Boston abolitionistabolitionist– Alienated middle-class whites by belief in disunionAlienated middle-class whites by belief in disunion– Founded American Anti-Slavery societyFounded American Anti-Slavery society– **His efforts helped w/adoption of 13**His efforts helped w/adoption of 13thth

AmendmentAmendment– The LiberatorThe Liberator (1831) (1831)

The South & Slavery - The South & Slavery - PersonalitiesPersonalities

• David Walker: David Walker: Wrote Wrote The Appeal to the The Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the WorldColored Citizens of the World, which , which advocated slave rebellions & violence to advocated slave rebellions & violence to achieve freedomachieve freedom

• Sojourner Truth: Sojourner Truth: Ex-slave from NY/For Ex-slave from NY/For abolition & women’s rightsabolition & women’s rights– IlliterateIlliterate– Lincoln invited her to White House Lincoln invited her to White House

for advicefor advice– Isabella BaumfreeIsabella Baumfree– Sojourn is “visitor or traveler”Sojourn is “visitor or traveler”

The South & Slavery - The South & Slavery - PersonalitiesPersonalities• Frederick Douglass: Frederick Douglass: Escaped slave living in Escaped slave living in

MASSMASS– Published Published North StarNorth Star (newspaper) (newspaper)– Dressed as a sailor to escapeDressed as a sailor to escape– After autobiography published, he went to Eng.After autobiography published, he went to Eng.– Took 8 yrs. To get $700 to buy freedomTook 8 yrs. To get $700 to buy freedom– After 44 yrs. of marriage, his 1st wife died & he After 44 yrs. of marriage, his 1st wife died & he

married his white secretarymarried his white secretary– After war ambassador to HaitiAfter war ambassador to Haiti

• Nat Turner: Nat Turner: Slave preacher (VA)Slave preacher (VA)– Resulted in death of 50+ whites (mainly women & Resulted in death of 50+ whites (mainly women &

children); axeschildren); axes– Inspired by vision from God (eclipse)Inspired by vision from God (eclipse)– Valued at $375Valued at $375– Revolt halted in 48 hrs.Revolt halted in 48 hrs.– 300 innocent blacks killed by white mobs 300 innocent blacks killed by white mobs The capture of Nat

Turner

The South & Slavery - The South & Slavery - PersonalitiesPersonalities• John Quincy Adams: John Quincy Adams: 6th Prez; House of Rep. 6th Prez; House of Rep.

(MASS)(MASS)– Presented petitions against slaveryPresented petitions against slavery– Location of desk in the House Location of desk in the House only spot one can only spot one can

hear clearly what is being whispered 15 yds. awayhear clearly what is being whispered 15 yds. away

*gag resolutions (1836): *gag resolutions (1836): Attempt to silence himAttempt to silence him• Elijah Lovejoy: Elijah Lovejoy: Newspaper ed. in ILLNewspaper ed. in ILL

– Killed by mob trying to protect pressesKilled by mob trying to protect presses– Became a martyrBecame a martyr

• Tappan Brothers: Tappan Brothers: (NYC) Wealthy (NYC) Wealthy importers & retail merchants importers & retail merchants – Gave money & leadership to Gave money & leadership to

reform societiesreform societies

Arthur Tappan helped fund the Underground Railroad

The South & Slavery – General The South & Slavery – General TopicsTopics

• Methodist & Baptist churches supported Methodist & Baptist churches supported slavery; Unitarian did not; Catholic & slavery; Unitarian did not; Catholic & Episcopalian remained neutralEpiscopalian remained neutral

• Pro-slavery argumentsPro-slavery arguments• Violation of 1st Amendment - Violation of 1st Amendment - 1835 1835

U.S. Post Office orders destruction of U.S. Post Office orders destruction of anti-slavery mailanti-slavery mail

• Northern economic dependence on Northern economic dependence on SouthSouth

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

1822

Gabriel Prosser

1800

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831

The Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of Slavery1. Black Christianity [Baptists or

Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.

2. “Pidgin” or Gullah languages.

3. Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible.

4. Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda

Ch. 16 EU: In what ways and to Ch. 16 EU: In what ways and to what extent was industrial what extent was industrial development from 1800 to 1860 a development from 1800 to 1860 a factor in the relationship between factor in the relationship between the northern and the southern the northern and the southern states?states?

Ch. 16 EU: In what ways and to Ch. 16 EU: In what ways and to what extent was industrial what extent was industrial development from 1800 to 1860 a development from 1800 to 1860 a factor in the relationship between factor in the relationship between the northern and the southern the northern and the southern states?states?