Ch 15 The New Frontier & Ch 15 The New Frontier & The Great SocietyThe Great Society

1960-19631960-1963

The Election of 1960The Election of 1960 Senator John F. Kennedy (D) Mass. Senator John F. Kennedy (D) Mass.

Vs Vice- President Richard M. Nixon Vs Vice- President Richard M. Nixon (R)(R)

People worried about JKF’ youth and People worried about JKF’ youth and his religion (his religion (Roman CatholicRoman Catholic))

First First Televised Debates Televised Debates – Sept .1960– Sept .1960 JFK’ look and confidence impressed JFK’ look and confidence impressed

votersvoters JFK and RFK gained African American JFK and RFK gained African American

voters in their efforts to free Dr. MKL voters in their efforts to free Dr. MKL from jailfrom jail

JFK won the 1960 election by less JFK won the 1960 election by less than 119,000 votesthan 119,000 votes

JFK Vs Richard Nixon

The Kennedy MystiqueThe Kennedy Mystique Wit and Charm bolstered the imageWit and Charm bolstered the image Camelot in WashingtonCamelot in Washington Jackie, John, and CarolineJackie, John, and Caroline

The Kennedy CabinetThe Kennedy Cabinet ““The Best and the Brightest”The Best and the Brightest” McGeorge Bundy – NSAMcGeorge Bundy – NSA Robert McNamara – Secretary of Robert McNamara – Secretary of

DefenseDefense Dean Rusk- Dean Rusk-

Sec. of StateSec. of State RFKRFK- Attorney- Attorney

GeneralGeneral

The New FrontierThe New Frontier JFK lacked a JFK lacked a mandatemandate after the after the

electionelection Many proposals he sent to Many proposals he sent to

Congress were shot down: Congress were shot down: Medicare, Federal Aid to Medicare, Federal Aid to Education, Public Housing, Education, Public Housing, Increased Social Security, higher Increased Social Security, higher minimum wage, and anti-poverty minimum wage, and anti-poverty measuresmeasures

Southern Democrats and Southern Democrats and Republicans blocked many plansRepublicans blocked many plans

New Frontier VictoriesNew Frontier Victories The EconomyThe Economy – – JFK pushed through JFK pushed through

the use of deficit spending (FDR)the use of deficit spending (FDR) Minimum Wage Minimum Wage increase to $1.25 increase to $1.25

HRHR Lowered taxes Lowered taxes on businesses and on businesses and

targeted tax cuts for individualstargeted tax cuts for individuals He lowered tariffs to increase He lowered tariffs to increase

International TradeInternational Trade In 1961 and 62 he intervened in the In 1961 and 62 he intervened in the

steel industry to keep wages low steel industry to keep wages low and management to lower price and management to lower price increasesincreases

New Frontier Victories IINew Frontier Victories II Peace CorpsPeace Corps – 35,000 volunteers – 35,000 volunteers

in 60 nationsin 60 nations

Alliance for Progress – Alliance for Progress – offered offered economic and technical assistance to economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries (12 billion Latin American countries (12 billion in aid)in aid)

New Frontier-Race to the New Frontier-Race to the MoonMoon In April, 1961 the USSR put the first In April, 1961 the USSR put the first

man in space, Yuri Gagarin ( Alan man in space, Yuri Gagarin ( Alan Sheppard)Sheppard)

JKF increased funding to NASAJKF increased funding to NASA, $33 , $33 billion by 1969billion by 1969

Cape Canaveral and Houston Space Cape Canaveral and Houston Space Center were builtCenter were built

JFK pledged to go to the moon by the JFK pledged to go to the moon by the end of the 1960’send of the 1960’s

Universities expanded science Universities expanded science programs, new industries and programs, new industries and technologies emergedtechnologies emerged

Space Industries in the Southern and Space Industries in the Southern and Western USWestern US

Domestic FocusDomestic Focus By 1963 By 1963 JFK sent a Civil Rights Bill to JFK sent a Civil Rights Bill to

CongressCongress He called for “a national assault on He called for “a national assault on

the causes of poverty” (the causes of poverty” (Harrington’s Harrington’s The Other AmericaThe Other America))

RFK was ordered to investigate racial RFK was ordered to investigate racial injustices in the Southinjustices in the South

Presidential Commission on the status Presidential Commission on the status of Women – Equal Pay Act of 1963of Women – Equal Pay Act of 1963

Community Mental Health Centers Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act 1963- Led to the Construction Act 1963- Led to the Special Olympics in 1968.Special Olympics in 1968.

He proposed $10 billion in new tax He proposed $10 billion in new tax cutscuts

The Warren CourtThe Warren Court Chief Justice Chief Justice Earl WarrenEarl Warren Brown vs. The Board of Education – Brown vs. The Board of Education –

19541954 Banned Segregation in public Banned Segregation in public schoolsschools

Banned state sanctioned prayer in Banned state sanctioned prayer in public schoolspublic schools

Declared Loyalty Oaths Declared Loyalty Oaths unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Baker Vs Carr 1962Baker Vs Carr 1962 and and Reynolds Vs Reynolds Vs Simms 1964Simms 1964 stated that Federal stated that Federal Courts could tell states to redivide Courts could tell states to redivide their districts for more equal their districts for more equal representation (representation (Reapportionment – Reapportionment – the drawing of election districts) “One the drawing of election districts) “One Person, one Vote.”Person, one Vote.”

Rights of the AccusedRights of the Accused Mapp Vs Ohio (1961)Mapp Vs Ohio (1961) Evidence seized Evidence seized

illegally could not be used in state illegally could not be used in state courtscourts

Gideon Vs Wainwright ( 1963)Gideon Vs Wainwright ( 1963) Free legal Free legal council to those who cannot afford itcouncil to those who cannot afford it

Escobedo Vs Illinois (1964Escobedo Vs Illinois (1964) Accused ) Accused person has the right for a lawyer to be person has the right for a lawyer to be present during questioningpresent during questioning

Miranda Vs Arizona ( 1966Miranda Vs Arizona ( 1966) All suspects ) All suspects must have their rights read must have their rights read

Liberals praised the decisions, Liberals praised the decisions, Conservatives hated the decisions Conservatives hated the decisions because they impeded police officersbecause they impeded police officers

Kennedy Kennedy andand The Cold The Cold WarWar

1960-19631960-1963

JFK’s Military PolicyJFK’s Military Policy Kennedy built up the conventional Kennedy built up the conventional

and nuclear weapons systems to and nuclear weapons systems to deter the USSR and to close the deter the USSR and to close the missilemissile gap with the Soviets gap with the Soviets

Between 1960-1962 military Between 1960-1962 military spending increased 30%, $43 billion spending increased 30%, $43 billion to $56 billionto $56 billion

The Special Forces or Green Berets The Special Forces or Green Berets were createdwere created

Kennedy expanded the CIA and Kennedy expanded the CIA and

and Black Operationsand Black Operations

* He wanted a * He wanted a Flexible ResponseFlexible Response

The Bay Of Pigs InvasionThe Bay Of Pigs Invasion Fidel Fidel CastroCastro had led a revolution in Cuba had led a revolution in Cuba

and seized power from Batista in 1959and seized power from Batista in 1959 JFK learned of a CIA planned approved JFK learned of a CIA planned approved

by IKE to train Cuban exiles and allow by IKE to train Cuban exiles and allow them to attack Cuba, and overthrow them to attack Cuba, and overthrow CastroCastro

In April 1961, 1,500 Cuban exiles never In April 1961, 1,500 Cuban exiles never reached the beachreached the beach

The air strike failed and Castro waited The air strike failed and Castro waited with 25,000 troops and Soviet Weaponswith 25,000 troops and Soviet Weapons

Kennedy, CIA, and the US were Kennedy, CIA, and the US were embarrassed embarrassed on the world stage, total on the world stage, total fiascofiasco

The Berlin CrisisThe Berlin Crisis In 1961 Khrushchev and JKF met in In 1961 Khrushchev and JKF met in

Vienna, AustriaVienna, Austria JKF felt he looked weak and second JKF felt he looked weak and second

bestbest Khrushchev threatened to force the Khrushchev threatened to force the

Western powers out of West Berlin Western powers out of West Berlin 3 million East Germans had fled to 3 million East Germans had fled to

West Berlin since the end of WWIIWest Berlin since the end of WWII JFK told Americans we stay in BerlinJFK told Americans we stay in Berlin August 13August 13thth, 1961 Khrushchev , 1961 Khrushchev

responded by allowing East Germany responded by allowing East Germany to construct to construct The Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall

http://home.planet.nl/~monique.schilders/europe/charlie.jpg

The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis In the summer of 1962 the In the summer of 1962 the

KhrushchevKhrushchev began shipping Soviet began shipping Soviet Offensive Nuclear Missiles to Castro Offensive Nuclear Missiles to Castro In CubaIn Cuba

The US had Offensive Missiles in The US had Offensive Missiles in TurkeyTurkey

In October 1962 U-2 Spy planes took In October 1962 U-2 Spy planes took pictures of the weapons that could pictures of the weapons that could reach the US in minutes and destroy reach the US in minutes and destroy American citiesAmerican cities

Kennedy’s OptionsKennedy’s Options Invade Cuba? Soviet Troops were Invade Cuba? Soviet Troops were

presentpresent Bomb the Sites? Sneak Attack?Bomb the Sites? Sneak Attack? Naval Blockade around Cuba, or a Naval Blockade around Cuba, or a

““QuarantineQuarantine””

JFK Addresses the Nation

Brink of Nuclear WarBrink of Nuclear War The US was on DEFCON 3, 100,000 US The US was on DEFCON 3, 100,000 US

troops readied in Florida to invade troops readied in Florida to invade CubaCuba

The Naval Blockade was in place The Naval Blockade was in place around Cubaaround Cuba

The Soviet Cargo Ships stormed to the The Soviet Cargo Ships stormed to the blockade, but then turned aroundblockade, but then turned around

Days later Days later Khrushchev pledged to Khrushchev pledged to remove the missiles if we pledged not remove the missiles if we pledged not to invade Cuba, to invade Cuba, and secretly months and secretly months later we removed our missiles from later we removed our missiles from TurkeyTurkey

RFK was instrumental in dealing with RFK was instrumental in dealing with the Soviet ambassadorthe Soviet ambassador

Outcomes of the CrisisOutcomes of the Crisis

Khrushchev prestige was Khrushchev prestige was damaged, JFK looked stronger, damaged, JFK looked stronger, but he was criticized for but he was criticized for brinksmanshipbrinksmanship

The Hot-line was established The Hot-line was established between Washington/Moscowbetween Washington/Moscow

JFK wanted to relax Cold War JFK wanted to relax Cold War TensionsTensions

In 1962 the US and the USSR In 1962 the US and the USSR agreed to the agreed to the Limited Test Ban Limited Test Ban TreatyTreaty which banned nuclear which banned nuclear testing in the atmospheretesting in the atmosphere

Tragedy in DallasTragedy in Dallas On On November 22November 22ndnd 1963 1963, JFK was shot , JFK was shot

and killed while riding with Jackie and killed while riding with Jackie and Gov. Connally through Dallas, TXand Gov. Connally through Dallas, TX

Lee Harvey OswaldLee Harvey Oswald a disgruntled ex- a disgruntled ex- Marine who lived in the USSR for a Marine who lived in the USSR for a time was charged with the crimetime was charged with the crime

Oswald was later killed by nightclub Oswald was later killed by nightclub owner Jack Rubyowner Jack Ruby

LBJ took the oath of office on Air LBJ took the oath of office on Air Force OneForce One

The The Warren CommissionWarren Commission investigated investigated and found Oswald acted alone (Magic and found Oswald acted alone (Magic Bullet)Bullet)

Who Killed JFK?Who Killed JFK? The Committee on Assassinations The Committee on Assassinations

revealed in 1979 that Oswald was revealed in 1979 that Oswald was part of a larger conspiracypart of a larger conspiracy

Anti- Castro Cubans? (Bay of Pigs)Anti- Castro Cubans? (Bay of Pigs) Castro?Castro? CIA?CIA? Military Generals? (War in Vietnam)Military Generals? (War in Vietnam) Communist Sponsored attack?Communist Sponsored attack? The Mafia? (RFK’s Investigations?)The Mafia? (RFK’s Investigations?) Was there someone on the grassy Was there someone on the grassy

knoll?knoll? Were JFK’s wounds altered?Were JFK’s wounds altered?

LBJ The Great LBJ The Great SocietySociety

1963-19681963-1968

Essential Questions:Essential Questions: What political path led LBJ to What political path led LBJ to

the White House?the White House? What were the goals of the What were the goals of the

Great Society?Great Society? What were some of the major What were some of the major

programs of the Great programs of the Great Society?Society?

What was the short term and What was the short term and long term impact of Great long term impact of Great Society programsSociety programs??

LBJ’s Path to PowerLBJ’s Path to Power LBJ ran for Congress as a “New Dealer” LBJ ran for Congress as a “New Dealer”

in 1937in 1937 In 1948 LBJ won a seat in the US SenateIn 1948 LBJ won a seat in the US Senate LBJLBJ was a master of was a master of party politics party politics and and

behind the scenes political maneuveringbehind the scenes political maneuvering LBJ efforts helped the Civil Rights Act of LBJ efforts helped the Civil Rights Act of

1957 to be passed1957 to be passed LBJ was JFK running mate in 1960LBJ was JFK running mate in 1960 After JFK’s assassination LBJ urged After JFK’s assassination LBJ urged

Congress to pass the civil rights and Congress to pass the civil rights and tax-cut bills that JFK had sent to tax-cut bills that JFK had sent to CongressCongress

In Feb. 1964 Congress In Feb. 1964 Congress passed a tax cut which passed a tax cut which spurred economic spurred economic growth and lowered growth and lowered the budget deficitthe budget deficit

In July, LBJ pushed In July, LBJ pushed through the through the Civil Civil Rights Act of 1964Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited which prohibited discrimination based discrimination based on race, religion, sex, on race, religion, sex, and gave the federal and gave the federal government new government new powers of enforcementpowers of enforcement

The War on PovertyThe War on Poverty Early in 1964 LBJ had declared a Early in 1964 LBJ had declared a War War

on Povertyon Poverty In Aug. 1964 Congress passed the In Aug. 1964 Congress passed the

Economic Opportunity Act (EOAEconomic Opportunity Act (EOA) ) which provided $1 billion for youth which provided $1 billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job small-business loans, and job trainingtraining

(EOA) created:(EOA) created: Job Corps Youth Training ProgramsJob Corps Youth Training Programs VISTAVISTA –Volunteers in Service to America –Volunteers in Service to America Project Head StartProject Head Start – Ed. For – Ed. For

underprivileged kidsunderprivileged kids Community Action Programs (CAPS)Community Action Programs (CAPS)

The Election of 1964The Election of 1964 LBJ (D) Vs Barry Goldwater (R)LBJ (D) Vs Barry Goldwater (R) Goldwater believed the federal Goldwater believed the federal

government had no business trying to government had no business trying to right the wrongs of poverty , right the wrongs of poverty , discrimination, and economic discrimination, and economic opportunityopportunity

Goldwater wanted to make Social Goldwater wanted to make Social Security voluntary, and sell the TVASecurity voluntary, and sell the TVA

Goldwater mentioned he might use Goldwater mentioned he might use nuclear weapons on Cuba and Vietnamnuclear weapons on Cuba and Vietnam

LBJ won in a LBJ won in a landslidelandslide and the and the Democrats increased their majority in Democrats increased their majority in CongressCongress

LBJ- Daisy Girl Campaign Commercial 1964

LBJ launches The Great LBJ launches The Great SocietySociety LBJ wanted to end poverty and racial LBJ wanted to end poverty and racial

injusticeinjustice The Elementary and Secondary The Elementary and Secondary

Education Act of 1965Education Act of 1965 provided $1 provided $1 billion in aid to help public and billion in aid to help public and parochial schoolsparochial schools

MedicareMedicare provided low-cost health provided low-cost health benefits to Americans 65 or olderbenefits to Americans 65 or older

MedicaidMedicaid extended health insurance extended health insurance to the poor or welfare recipientsto the poor or welfare recipients

Department of Housing and Urban Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentDevelopment was established was established (HUD)(HUD)

240,000 low rent public houses, and $ 240,000 low rent public houses, and $

The Great Society IIThe Great Society II The Immigration Act of 1965The Immigration Act of 1965 opened opened

the door for many non-European the door for many non-European immigrants to settle in the US by immigrants to settle in the US by ending the quotas of the 1920’s ending the quotas of the 1920’s based on nationalitybased on nationality

The Water Quality Act of 1965The Water Quality Act of 1965 required states to clean up rivers, it required states to clean up rivers, it resulted from Rachel Carson’s resulted from Rachel Carson’s Silent Silent SpringSpring about pesticides, and spurred about pesticides, and spurred the environmental movement the environmental movement

Congress established safety Congress established safety standards for cars as a result of standards for cars as a result of Ralph Nadar’s Ralph Nadar’s Unsafe at Any SpeedUnsafe at Any Speed

The Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 The Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 The Truth in Packaging Act of 1966The Truth in Packaging Act of 1966

Other Great Society Other Great Society ProgramsPrograms The Higher Education Act of 1965The Higher Education Act of 1965

funded scholarships and low-interest funded scholarships and low-interest loans for college studentsloans for college students

National Foundation for the Arts and National Foundation for the Arts and the Humanities Actthe Humanities Act of 1965 was of 1965 was created to assistance to painters, created to assistance to painters, musicians, actors, and other artistsmusicians, actors, and other artists

Corporation of Public BroadcastingCorporation of Public Broadcasting 19671967

The Voting Rights Act of 1965The Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Highway Safety Act of 1966The Highway Safety Act of 1966 The Air Quality Act of 1967The Air Quality Act of 1967

Impact of the Great Impact of the Great SocietySociety Poverty fell Poverty fell from 21% in 1962 to 11% in from 21% in 1962 to 11% in

19731973 Spending for the Great Society increased Spending for the Great Society increased

the growing year to year budget deficitthe growing year to year budget deficit Limited $ reached poor people Limited $ reached poor people due to due to

complex programs that were tough to complex programs that were tough to implementimplement

Disillusioned inner city residents rioted Disillusioned inner city residents rioted in protestin protest

A Conservative backlash began to take A Conservative backlash began to take shape (Reagan Gov. of Ca 1966)shape (Reagan Gov. of Ca 1966)

Vietnam War Vietnam War overshadowed it and took $overshadowed it and took $