Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07
-
Upload
ccisd -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
1.432 -
download
5
Transcript of Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07
![Page 1: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Get out:Get out: Ch 12 notes Ch 12 notes
Ch. 12 ReviewCh. 12 Review
![Page 2: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 12.1Chapter 12.1PedigreesPedigrees
![Page 3: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
I. Making a PedigreeI. Making a Pedigree
A A _____PEDIGREE__________PEDIGREE_____ is a diagram that represents genetic is a diagram that represents genetic inheritance. (kind of like a family tree)inheritance. (kind of like a family tree)II. Symbols of a pedigreeII. Symbols of a pedigree
femalefemale = = male = male =
= female non carrier= female non carrier = male non = male non carriercarrier
= female that shows the trait= female that shows the trait = male that = male that
shows the traitshows the trait
= female carrier =male carrier = female carrier =male carrier
**Carrier – someone who has a recessive allele for a specific **Carrier – someone who has a recessive allele for a specific trait. (heterozygous)trait. (heterozygous)
![Page 4: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A A ______HORIZONTAL___________HORIZONTAL_____ line connecting line connecting a circle and square indicates that the a circle and square indicates that the individuals are parentsindividuals are parents
A A _______VERTICAL____________VERTICAL_____ line connects line connects parents with their offspringparents with their offspring
********RomanRoman numerals numerals represent each different represent each different generationgeneration
![Page 5: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
III – Why Study a Pedigree?III – Why Study a Pedigree? Most Most geneticgenetic disorders are caused by the disorders are caused by the
recessive allele.recessive allele.
By studying pedigrees, the individual will be By studying pedigrees, the individual will be able to determine the likelihood that he/she able to determine the likelihood that he/she carries the carries the alleleallele..
Information on other members of the family Information on other members of the family can also be studied by looking at a pedigree.can also be studied by looking at a pedigree.
![Page 6: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Pedigrees illustrate
inheritance
Pedigrees illustrate
inheritance
Male
Female
Affected male
Affected female
Mating
Parents
Siblings
Known heterozygotes for recessive allele
Death
![Page 7: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
In a pedigree, In a pedigree, a circle a circle
represents a represents a female; a female; a square square
represents a represents a male.male.
Female Male
?
I
II
III
IV
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
2
4
3
3
5
4
4 5
Female
Male
![Page 8: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Highlighted Highlighted
circles and circles and
squares squares
represent represent
individuals individuals
showing the trait showing the trait
being studied. being studied.
Also, can be Also, can be
shaded in.shaded in.
?
I
II
III
IV
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
2
4
3
3
5
4
4 5
![Page 9: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Circles and Circles and
squares that are squares that are
not highlighted not highlighted
designate designate
individuals that individuals that
do not show the do not show the
trait. Also, can trait. Also, can
be blank or not be blank or not
shaded in.shaded in.
?
I
II
III
IV
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
2
4
3
3
5
4
4 5
![Page 10: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A half-shaded A half-shaded
circle or square circle or square
represents a represents a
CARRIERCARRIER, a , a
heterozygous heterozygous
individual.individual.
![Page 11: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
2
4
3
3
5
4
4 5
?
I
II
III
IV
A horizontal line A horizontal line
connecting a circle connecting a circle
and a square and a square
indicates that the indicates that the
individuals are individuals are
parents, and a parents, and a
vertical line vertical line
connects parents connects parents
with their offspring.with their offspring.
![Page 12: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
2
4
3
3
5
4
4 5
?
The generations The generations
are identified in are identified in
sequence by sequence by
Roman numerals, Roman numerals,
and each and each
individual is given individual is given
an Arabic number.an Arabic number.
I
II
III
IV
![Page 13: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Remember :Remember :
![Page 14: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
I
II
III
IV
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
4
3
Question Question 11
What does this What does this pedigree tell you pedigree tell you about those who about those who show the show the recessive recessive phenotype for phenotype for the disease?the disease?
![Page 20: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
I
II
III
IV
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
4
3
The pedigree The pedigree indicates that indicates that showing the showing the recessive recessive phenotype for phenotype for the disease is the disease is fatal.fatal.
![Page 21: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Question 2Question 2 What must happen for a person to show a recessive What must happen for a person to show a recessive
phenotype?phenotype?
AnswerAnswerThe person must inherit a recessive allele for the trait from both parents.
![Page 22: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
I
II
III
IV
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
4
3
Question Question 33
How many How many females are in females are in this pedigree?this pedigree?
![Page 23: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
I
II
III
IV
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
4
3
Question Question 44
How many males How many males are in this are in this pedigree?pedigree?
![Page 24: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
I
II
III
IV
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
4
3
Question Question 55
How many How many affected females affected females are in this are in this pedigree?pedigree?
![Page 25: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
I
II
III
IV
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
4
3
Question Question 66
How many How many affected males affected males are in this are in this pedigree?pedigree?
![Page 26: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
I
II
III
IV
1 2
1
1
1
32
2
4
3
Question Question 77
How many How many carriers are in carriers are in this pedigree?this pedigree?
![Page 27: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
IV. IV. Simple Simple
Recessive Recessive HeredityHeredity
![Page 28: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Most genetic disorders are caused by recessive alleles. Some common genetics disorders caused by recessive alleles are:
•Cystic Fibrosis
•Tay-Sach
•PKU
![Page 29: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
a. Cystic fibrosis (CF) - • A fairly common genetic disorder among
white Americans.• Approximately one in 28 white Americans
carries the recessive allele, and one in 2500 children born to white Americans inherits the disorder.
• Due to a defective protein in the plasma membrane, cystic fibrosis results in the formation and accumulation of thick mucus in the lungs and digestive tract.
![Page 30: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
b. Tay-Sachs Disease• Disease is a recessive disorder of the
central nervous system.
• Page 312 – draw in pedigree and label each persons genotype.
• **What is the genotype of individual II-3?
![Page 31: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Pedigree-Tay Sachs
Disease
![Page 32: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
c. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• is a recessive disorder that results from the absence of an enzyme that converts one amino acid, phenylalanine, to a different amino acid, tyrosine.
• Because phenylalanine cannot be broken down, it and its by-products accumulate in the body and result in severe damage to the central nervous system.
![Page 33: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
PhenylketonuriaPhenylketonuria
Phenylketonurics: Contains Phenylalanine
![Page 34: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
V. Simple Dominant Heredity
•traits may be inherited just as the rule of dominance predicts, a single dominant allele inherited from one parent is all that is needed for a person to show the dominant trait.
![Page 35: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
May include:
•Hitchhickers Thumb
•Widow’s Peak
•Free hanging Earlobes
![Page 36: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Huntington’s Disease
•*Huntington’s Disease*Huntington’s Disease - lethal genetic disorder caused by a rare dominant allele. It results in a breakdown of certain areas of the brain.
![Page 37: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Pedigree-Huntington
Disease
![Page 38: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• _____ recessive disorder that results form the absence of an enzyme required to break down lipids
• _____ lethal genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele
• _____most common genetic disorder among white Americans
• _____recessive disorder that results from the absence of an exzyme that converts one amino acid into another one
• ____ widow’s peak and hitch hiker’s thumb
a.Cystic Fibrosis d. Huntington’s disease
b.Simple dominant traits e. PKU (phenylketonuria
c.Tay-Sachs diseaseCC
DD
AA
EE
BB
![Page 39: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Page 314 : draw the pedigree and label each individuals genotype
Predict :(using a Punnett Square) the probability of II – 4 and 5
having children with Huntington’s disease.
![Page 40: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Chapter 12.2 & 12.3 notesWhen Heredity Follows
Different Rules
![Page 41: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
I. Incomplete dominance:
Appearance of a __INTERMEDIATE__ phenotype
Occurs when a heterozygous individual is __________________________ between those of two homozygotes.
Example: red flowers and white flowers = pink flowers or animal coat color
![Page 43: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
II. Codominance:
Expression of both alleles
Occurs when you have _2_ dominant alleles and both are expressed.
Examples: Black hen (B) x white hen (W) = black and white hen or human blood types (A, B, AB, O)
Disorder in humans: Sickle cell anemia – different size red blood cell can lead to slowing of blood flow, tissue damage, blockage of blood vessels. (p. 324)
![Page 46: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
III. Multiple alleles
Occurs when ___MORE__ than __ONE__ alleles control a trait. (Can be 3 to 100 alleles per trait)
Examples: Pigeon color (p.317) Use in humans: Blood Typing (important for
blood transfusions)
![Page 49: Ch 12 1&2 Ppt 07](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052901/556430a6d8b42ad3308b46f8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)