Ch 1 human communication sscopy(1)
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ENG 2013 COMMUNICATION SKILLS
CHAPTER 1:Human Communication
• Definition of Communication• Components of
Communication• Communication Contexts• Communication Principles• Communication Competence• Characteristics of Competent
Communicators
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What is COMMUNICATION?
The process of using messages to generate meaning
(Pearson et al., 2013)
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Communication is a process
1)an ongoing activity;2)an exchange or a set of behaviours;3)transactional; and4)might involve personal history that
contributes to interpretation of meaning
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Communication is symbolic
1)Symbols (verbal and non-verbal symbols, signs and behaviours) are used to represent ideas.
2)Symbols are chosen and agreed upon arbitrarily for message to be clear.
3)Can be ambiguous / misinterpreted
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Scenario 1A boy is looking out of the window when his teacher is teaching.
Message sent:
Symbols used:
• The boy is not paying attention. • He is bored • He is thinking about something in his mind
- He is looking out of the window- His facial expression shows that he is not
interested in the lesson- He does not make eye contact to anyone
in the classroom
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Analysing the scenarios
•Read the given scenarios.•Answer the given questions.•Write your answers on Socrative•Complete the activity within 10 minutes.
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Scenario 2Ms. Travis is a senior manager at my office. She is always well and neatly dressed to work. Also, she often wears black formal suits.
Message sent:
Symbols used:
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Scenario 3
Two people are on a date. It has been hours, but they are not talking to each other.
Message sent:
Symbols used:
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Components of Communication
• People•Message• Channel• Feedback• Code • Encoding & Decoding• Situation• Noise (Pearson et al., 2013)
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Components of Communication
1. PeopleAs a source – initiate messageAs a receiver – the intended target of the message
2. MessageVerbal or non verbal form of ideas, thought, or feeling
that the source wishes to communicate to the receiver(s)
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Components of Communication
3. ChannelThe means by which a message moves from source to
the receiver of the message.
4. FeedbackReceiver’s verbal or non verbal response to the
source’s message
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Components of Communication
5. CodeA systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meaning in
the mind of a person(s)
6. Encoding & DecodingEncoding: the process of translating an idea or thought into a
code.Decoding: the process of assigning meaning to that a idea or
thought.
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COMMUNICATION
Meaning can only be understood if communicators can obtain common meaning for the verbal and non-
verbal symbols used.
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Pair discussion• Task: You have received this
cake from your best friend.
• Use the Encoding & Decoding Model to explain what went wrong in the communication when the cake was being purchased.
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Components of Communication
7. NoiseAny interference in the encoding and
decoding processes that reduces message clarity.
Physical
Physiological
Semantic
Psychological
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Physical NoiseA distraction in the form of external environment (actual sounds, sights, etc. in the surroundings)
Loud sounds
Distracting sights
Proximity
A piece of food
between front teeth
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Physiological NoiseA distraction in the form of biological factors(pain, discomfort within us that distracts us)
headache
toothache
fatigue
Illness
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Psychological NoiseA form of mental distraction (the wandering of the mind; emotions about deliverer or message)
Worrying about bills
Day dream about a
loved one
Thinking about lunch
during lectures
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Semantic NoiseAmbiguity (complexity of meaning that confuses) in words, sentences or symbols that hinders the transmission of the message
JargonDouble
meaning words
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Components of Communication
8. SituationThe location where the communication takes place (refer to
Communication Context Notes)
Type of situation
Channel
Relationship between people
influence Overall TONE of interaction
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Communication Contexts1) INTRAPERSONAL communication2) INTERPERSONAL communication
DYADIC communication SMALL GROUP communication
3) PUBLIC communication4) MASS communication5) DIGITALLY MEDIATED communication
(Adler & Rodman, 2006; Pearson et al., 2013)
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Communication Contexts• Intrapersonal Communication- The process of using messages to generate meaning within the self(i.e: arguing with yourself in making decision to accept or decline a request, resolving internal conflict, planning for the future)
• Interpersonal Communication- The process of using messages to generate meaning between at
least two people in a situation that allows mutual opportunities for both speaking and listening.
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Communication Contexts• Dyadic Communication- the interaction between a pair of individuals.
• Small Group Communication- The process of using messages to generate meaning in a small group of
people (i.e: families, a group of colleagues, study groups)
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Communication Contexts• Public Communication- The process of using messages to generate meaning in a situation
in which a single speaker transmits a message to a number of receivers, who give non-verbal or sometimes feedbacks.
(i.e: lectures, presentation in class, stand-up comedy)
• Mass Communication- The process of using messages to generate meaning in a
mediated system (electronic / print media) between a source and a large number of unseen receivers.
(i.e: Twitter, YouTube, newspaper, televisions, weblogs)
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Communication Contexts• Digitally Mediated Communication (DMC)- A form of communication that is conducted and shared
through communication networks(i.e: email messages, online discussion group threads, Snapchat, Whatsapp, Facebook messages)
- Messages can be delivered and received synchronously (occurring at the same time, immediately) or asynchronously (not at the same time, substantial delay in interaction)
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Contexts of CommunicationComparing the ContextsCONTEXTS Intrapersonal
CommInterpersonal
CommPublic Comm
Mass Comm
Computer-Mediated Comm
Number of People Engaged? 1 2 – 10+ 10 – 100’s
100o’s - millions
2 – billions
Intimate or Formal? Totally intimate
Usually Intimate
Usually Formal
Usually Formal
From Intimate to Formal
Opportunity for Feedback?
Constant Feedback
Usually Constant
Not much
Almost None
From Constant to None
Is Message Scripted? None Not Usually
Almost Always
Usually From None to Totally
Role of Deliverer and Receiver?
No Roles
Alternating Casually
Mostly One Sided
Mostly One Sided
From Alternating to
One Sided
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Communication Principles 1) Communication begins with self.2) Communication involves others.3) Communication has a content and a relational dimension.4) Communication involves choices.5) Communication quantity does not increase communication quality.6) Communication is pervasive.7) Communication cannot be reversed.8) No one single event or person leads to another’s reaction 9) Meanings rest in people, not words.
(Adler & Rodman, 2006; Pearson et al., 2013)
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How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate1. Communication begins with self.
Life Experiences
ValuesBiological/
Mental State
Cultural background
Belief system
Socio-economic
background
Self-concept/
Self-esteem
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One learns to accept roles in response to other’s expectations2. Communication involves others.
Life Experiences Values
Biological/ Mental State
Cultural background
Belief system
Socio-economic
background
Self-concept/
Self-esteem
Perceptions/ Prejudices
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The content of the message describes the behaviour that is expected
3. Communication has a content and a relational dimension.
See me after the meeting.
Content message
Expected behavioural response
Relational message
How the message should be interpreted?
Can you come to my office after the meeting?
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4. Communication involves choices
Message Aspects
Characteristics of the
Speakers
Non-verbal
Behavioural Aspects
Verbal
Relationship between Speakers
Characteristics of the Audience
Transmission Channel
Used
The contexts
A change in any of the variables affect the entire communication process
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5. Communication quantity does not increase quality
GREATER amount of communication DO NOT necessarily lead to
more accurate and shared meaning
Disagreement Deeper into conflict
Very poor listening /
empathy skills
Misunderstanding
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6. Communication is pervasiveCOMMUNICATION
occurs all the time
If you’re not communicating with yourself, you CONSTANTLY observing others and drawing inferences from their be (even if others did not intend messages
for you)
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7. Communication cannot be reversed.• Once words are uttered, they cannot be taken back/
they cannot be erased.
• Even when one’s hurtful comments are forgiven, often the damage is done/ comment lingers in the mind of the other person.
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8. No one single person or event causes another’s reaction
When Jim joked
with Helena,
she shouted back at
him
Helena was scolded for handing in her work
late
Helena had a small
accident on the way to
college
Helena woke up
late
Helena stayed up late to
complete her assignment
Jim has trouble reading others’ body
language
In the past, Helena was
often receptive of Jim’s jokes
Jim’s jovial, playful behavior is often
tolerated by everyone including
his family members.
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9. Meanings rest in people, not words
June : I want to buy a car… A cheap one… Leeza : Around RM10-20,000?June : No (looks surprised). I think around RM100-120,000..Leeza : ??
• People assign personalized meanings to words. (connotative meaning)• Even though words have denotative meaning (meaning
that is formally assigned (i.e., meaning in dictionary), we assign different meanings to words. • Example:
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Communication CompetenceThe ability to effectively exchange meaning through a common system of symbols or behaviours which enhance or maintain the relationship.
(Pearson et al., 2013)
There is no “ideal” way to communicate
Competence is situational
Competence is relational
Competence can be learned
• Many types of communication styles• The effectiveness of different types of
communication styles depends on the context
• Cannot assume a person has / lacks competence.• Judged based on degrees or areas
• Behavioural that is competent in one relationship is not necessarily competent in another.
• Factors like maturity, education and training can boost a person’s competence
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Characteristics of competent communicator
• A wide range of behavioursWhen faced with potential conflict, competent communicators can choose their actions from a range of behaviours.
• Ability to choose the most appropriate behaviour- Choose a strategy that works best in a given situation. What
work for one person may not work for another
• Skill at performing the behaviourThe ability to put the skills into practice effectively
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Characteristics of competent communicator
• Empathy / perspective taking- The ability to understand the other party’s point of view
• Cognitive complexity- The ability to construct with a variety of frameworks for viewing
an issue- Ability to analyse the behaviour of others
• Self – monitoring- The ability to pay close attention to one’s behaviour and use these observations to shape the way one behaves
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What have we learned in this topic?
1. Define COMMUNICATION.
2. Name and describe TWO (2) COMPONENTS of COMMUNICATION?
3. Name the 4 types of NOISE? Describe each with example
4. What is COMMUNICATION CONTEXT? Describe ONE (1) of them with an example
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References•Adler, R. B. & Rodman, G. 2006. Understanding
Human Communication. 9th Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press
•De Vito, J. A. 2014. Human Communication. The Basic Course. 12th Ed. Essex: Pearson
•Pearson et al., 2013. Human Communication. 6th Ed. Singapore: McGraw Hill