Ch. 1 Biomedical Signals - updated...
15
Basic procedures for biosignal assessment from (a) visual appraisal of patient by a physician to (b) application of a biomedical sensor on the patient Biosignal: a description of a physiological phenomenon Biomedical Engineering The biomedical sensor on the chest for the registration of body sounds. The generation phenomena of the acoustic biosignals are depicted, along biosignal’s propagation, coupling, and registration Model of biosignal generation, propagation, coupling, and registration. (a) Permanent biosignal. (b) Induced biosignal Diagnostic application of biosignals The therapeutic application of biosignals could be demonstrated by functional muscle stimulation (e.g., on the leg) or functional nerve stimulation (e.g., on the ear auricle). While the stimulation (i.e., therapy) is performed by the use of electric impulses in both cases, the respective feedback is given, for instance, by electromyography or force/torque measurement to assess the muscle response in the former case and by heart rate variability to assess the response of the autonomic nervous system in the latter case.
Transcript of Ch. 1 Biomedical Signals - updated...
Basi
c pr
oced
ures
for b
iosi
gnal
asse
ssm
ent f
rom
(a) v
isua
l app
rais
al o
f pat
ient
by
aph
ysic
ian
to (b
) app
licat
ion
of a
bio
med
ical
sen
sor o
n th
e pa
tient
Bio
sign
al: a
des
crip
tion
of a
phy
siol
ogic
al p
heno
men
on
Bio
med
ical
Eng
inee
ring
The
biom
edic
al s
enso
r on
the
ches
t for
the
regi
stra
tion
of b
ody
soun
ds. T
he g
ener
atio
n ph
enom
ena
of th
e ac
oust
ic b
iosi
gnal
s ar
e de
pict
ed, a
long
bio
sign
al’s
prop
agat
ion,
co
uplin
g, a
nd re
gist
ratio
n
Mod
el o
f bio
sign
alge
nera
tion,
pro
paga
tion,
cou
plin
g, a
nd re
gist
ratio
n. (a
) Per
man
ent
bios
igna
l. (b
) Ind
uced
bio
sign
al
Dia
gnos
tic a
pplic
atio
n of
bio
sign
als
The
ther
apeu
tic a
pplic
atio
n of
bio
sign
als
coul
d be
dem
onst
rate
d by
func
tiona
l m
uscl
e st
imul
atio
n (e
.g.,
on th
e le
g) o
r fun
ctio
nal n
erve
stim
ulat
ion
(e.g
., on
the
ear a
uric
le).
Whi
le th
e st
imul
atio
n (i.
e., t
hera
py) i
s pe
rform
ed b
y th
e us
e of
el
ectri
c im
puls
es in
bot
h ca
ses,
the
resp
ectiv
e fe
edba
ck is
giv
en, f
or in
stan
ce,
by e
lect
rom
yogr
aphy
or f
orce
/torq
ue m
easu
rem
ent t
o as
sess
the
mus
cle
resp
onse
in th
e fo
rmer
cas
e an
d by
hea
rt ra
te v
aria
bilit
y to
ass
ess
the
resp
onse
of
the
auto
nom
ic n
ervo
us s
yste
m in
the
latte
r cas
e.
Hip
pocr
ates
des
crib
ed d
irect
aus
culta
tion
in ‘d
e M
orbi
s’ a
s “If
you
list
en b
y ap
plyi
ng th
e ea
r to
the
ches
t. . .
G
alen
of P
erga
mum
(aro
und
129–
200)
des
crib
ed th
e pu
lsat
ion
as “T
he fe
elin
g of
the
arte
ry s
triki
ng
agai
nst t
he fi
nger
s” a
nd c
hara
cter
ized
it in
man
y de
tails
as
“the
wor
m-li
ke p
ulse
, fee
ble
and
beat
ing
quic
kly;
the
ant-l
ike
puls
e th
at h
as s
unk
to e
xtre
me
limits
of f
eebl
enes
s”.
1761
: Dr.
Leop
old
Auen
brug
ger(
1722
–180
9), A
ustri
an p
hysi
cian
, int
rodu
ced
the
perc
ussi
on te
chni
que
as a
dia
gnos
tic to
ol in
med
icin
e in
Vie
nna,
Aus
tria.
1806
: The
firs
t end
osco
pe w
as d
evel
oped
by
Philip
p Bo
zzin
iin
Mai
nz w
ith h
is in
trodu
ctio
n of
a
"Lic
htle
iter"
(ligh
t con
duct
or) "
for t
he e
xam
inat
ions
of t
he c
anal
s an
d ca
vitie
s of
the
hum
an b
ody"
1808
: Dr.
Jean
-Nic
olas
Cor
visa
rt(1
755–
1821
), Fr
ench
phy
sici
an a
nd p
rimar
y ph
ysic
ian
of N
apol
eon
Bona
parte
, wid
ely
diss
emin
ated
the
tech
niqu
e by
tran
slat
ing
Auen
brug
ger’s
book
into
Fre
nch.
1816
: Fre
nch
phys
icia
n D
r. R
ene
Theo
phile
Hya
cint
heLa
enne
c (1
781–
1826
), a
stud
ent o
f Dr.
Cor
visa
rt,
impr
oved
the
ausc
ulta
tion
tech
niqu
e by
mak
ing
obse
rvat
ion
with
a w
oode
n cy
linde
r, w
hich
was
prim
arily
so
ught
to a
void
em
barra
ssm
ent f
rom
pla
cing
his
ear
nex
t to
a yo
ung
wom
an’s
bar
e ch
est,
so h
e ro
lled
up a
new
spap
er a
nd li
sten
ed th
roug
h it,
trig
gerin
g th
e id
ea fo
r his
inve
ntio
n th
at le
d to
toda
y’s
ubiq
uito
us
stet
hosc
ope.
1894
: A. B
ianc
hi in
trodu
ced
a rig
id d
iaph
ragm
ove
r the
par
t of t
he (w
oode
n) c
ylin
der.
1895
: X-ra
y di
scov
ered
by
C. R
oent
gen
(Ger
man
y) u
sing
gas
dis
char
ged
tube
s.18
96: D
isco
very
of X
-ray
emis
sion
from
ura
nium
ore
by
H. B
ecqu
erel
(Fra
nce)
1901
: Nob
el P
rize
awar
ded
to R
oent
gen
for d
isco
very
of X
-rays
.19
03: W
. Ein
dhov
en in
vent
ed th
e el
ectro
card
iogr
am (E
CG
).19
21: F
irst f
orm
al tr
aini
ng in
bio
med
ical
eng
inee
ring
was
sta
rted
at O
swal
tIns
titut
e fo
r Phy
sics
in
Med
icin
e, F
rank
furt,
Ger
man
y.19
27: I
nven
tion
of th
e D
rinke
r res
pira
tor.
1929
: H. B
erge
r inv
ents
the
elec
troen
ceph
alog
ram
(EEG
).
Maj
or m
ilest
ones
in (s
ome)
bio
med
ical
eng
inee
ring
1930
: X-ra
ys w
ere
bein
g us
ed to
vis
ualiz
e m
ost o
rgan
sys
tem
s us
ing
radi
o-op
aque
mat
eria
ls,
refri
gera
tion,
per
mitt
ed b
lood
ban
ks.
1931
: E. R
uska
and
M. K
noll
(Ger
man
y) c
onst
ruct
ed th
e pr
otot
ype
elec
tron
mic
rosc
ope.
1930
′s –
early
194
0's:
Ant
ibio
tics,
sul
fani
lam
ide
and
penc
illin
redu
ced
cros
s-in
fect
ion
in h
ospi
tals
.19
40: C
ardi
ac c
athe
teriz
atio
n19
44: G
amm
a ca
mer
a in
vent
ed b
y Si
r S. C
urra
n (U
.K.)
1946
: Suc
cess
ful t
reat
men
t of a
pat
ient
with
thyr
oid
canc
er m
etas
tase
s us
ing
nucl
ear m
edic
ine
(radi
oiod
ine
I-131
) rep
orte
d in
the
JAM
A by
S. S
eidl
in19
50′s
–ea
rly 1
960′
s: N
ucle
ar m
edic
ine.
1950
s C
once
pt o
f em
issi
on a
nd tr
ansm
issi
on to
mog
raph
y in
trodu
ced
by D
. E. K
uhl,
L. C
hapm
an a
nd R
. Ed
war
ds19
53: C
ardi
opul
mon
ary
bypa
ss (h
eart–
lung
mac
hine
).19
57: B
. Hirs
chow
itzan
d L.
Cur
tiss
inve
nted
the
first
fibe
r opt
ic e
ndos
cope
.19
67: T
he fi
rst c
omm
erci
ally
via
ble
CT
scan
ner w
as c
once
ived
by
Sir G
. Hou
nsfie
ld (U
.K.)
at E
MI
Cen
tral R
esea
rch
Labo
rato
ries
usin
g X-
rays
.19
69: C
ase
Wes
tern
Res
erve
cre
ated
the
first
MD
/PhD
pro
gram
1971
: Mag
netic
reso
nanc
e im
agin
g (M
RI)
inve
nted
by
P. C
. Lau
terb
ur.
1980
: Pos
itron
em
issi
on to
mog
raph
y (P
ET) a
nd s
ingl
e-ph
oton
em
issi
on c
ompu
ted
tom
ogra
phy
(SPE
CT)
co
mm
erci
aliz
ed19
82: F
irst a
rtific
ial h
eart
succ
essf
ully
impl
ante
d in
a h
uman
(Jar
vik-
7) d
esig
ned
by a
team
inoc
ludi
ngW
. J.
Kol
ffan
d R
. Jar
vik.
1997
: Firs
t Ind
igen
ous
endo
vasc
ular
cor
onar
y st
ent (
Kala
m-R
aju
sten
t) de
velo
ped
by th
e C
are
Foun
datio
n.20
03: P
. C. L
aute
rbur
and
P. M
ansf
ield
sha
red
the
Nob
el P
rize
for M
RI
Maj
or m
ilest
ones
in (s
ome)
bio
med
ical
eng
inee
ring
Insp
ectio
nPa
lpat
ion:
feel
ing
the
surfa
ce o
f the
bod
y w
ith th
e ha
nds
to d
eter
min
e th
e si
ze, s
hape
, st
iffne
ss, o
r loc
atio
n of
the
orga
ns b
enea
th th
e sk
inPe
rcus
sion
: The
sou
nds
prod
uced
dis
play
a re
sona
nt o
r dul
l cha
ract
er, i
ndic
atin
g th
e pr
esen
ce o
f a s
olid
mas
s or
hol
low,
air-
cont
aini
ng s
truct
ures
, res
pect
ivel
y, a
nd m
ay h
elp
dete
rmin
e th
e si
ze a
nd p
ositi
on o
f int
erna
l org
ans,
in lo
caliz
ing
fluid
or a
ir in
the
ches
t and
ab
dom
en, a
nd d
iagn
ose
certa
in lu
ng d
isor
ders
.
Aus
culta
tion:
The
body
sou
nds
may
be
com
pris
ed o
f hea
rt so
unds
due
to c
losu
re o
f the
he
art v
alve
s or
lung
sou
nds
due
to a
ir tu
rbul
ence
s in
the
bran
chin
g ai
rway
s.
His
toric
al B
iosi
gnal
Acq
uisi
tion
for
Dia
gnos
es
Hip
pocr
ates
is p
ictu
red
palp
atin
g a
youn
g pa
tient
The
Hou
se o
f the
Sur
geon
, or C
asa
del
Chi
rurg
o, is
situ
ated
on
the
east
sid
e of
th
e Vi
a C
onso
lare
abou
t 50
met
ers
insi
de th
e H
ercu
lane
um G
ate.
Surg
ical
inst
rum
ents
foun
d in
Pom
peii
Rom
an s
urgi
cal i
nstru
men
ts in
clud
ed fo
rcep
s, s
calp
els,
ca
thet
ers
and
even
arro
w e
xtra
ctor
s.Th
e fre
sco
show
s th
e Ia
pyx
rem
ovin
g an
arro
w h
ead
from
th
e th
igh
of A
enea
s (fr
om th
e H
ouse
of S
iricu
s).
Title
pag
e of
Cor
visa
rttra
nsla
tion
abou
t per
cuss
ion
as a
dia
gnos
tic to
ol
Dire
ct a
uscu
ltatio
n of
bod
y so
unds
,ca
. ear
ly 2
0th
cent
ury
Sket
ch o
f a fi
gure
, tak
en fr
om
Feer
'sTe
xtbo
ok o
f Ped
iatri
cs (1
922)
, sh
owin
g th
e di
rect
met
hod
of
ausc
ulta
tion
bein
g us
ed o
n an
in
fant
.
Dra
win
gs o
f th
e or
igin
al
Ren
e La
enne
c’s
stet
hosc
ope
(Fra
nce,
181
6)
The
orig
inal
Mar
sh b
inau
ral
stet
hosc
ope,
circ
a 18
51: i
n its
or
igin
al w
ood
box
(top)
and
the
asse
mbl
ed s
teth
osco
pe (b
otto
m).
Indi
rect
aus
culta
tion
of b
ody
soun
ds w
ith L
aenn
ec’s
ste
thos
cope
Laen
nec,
inve
ntor
of t
he s
teth
osco
pe, a
pplie
s hi
s ea
r to
the
ches
t of a
pat
ient
Prob
lem
s fa
ced
by th
e tr
aditi
onal
bio
sign
alac
quis
ition
met
hods
•Pr
oof o
f bio
sign
als
–re
prod
ucib
ility
•An
alys
is o
f bio
sign
als
-res
trict
ed to
an
inst
anta
neou
s an
d su
bjec
tive
impr
essi
on b
y th
e ph
ysic
ian
•C
ompa
rison
of b
iosi
gnal
s -r
estri
cted
to a
sin
gle
phys
icia
n an
d re
cent
im
pres
sion
s•
Circ
ulat
ion
of b
iosi
gnal
s -l
ack
of a
rchi
ves
Appr
oach
es to
obj
ectif
y an
d ch
arac
teriz
e th
e at
tain
ed b
iosi
gnal
s•
Verb
al d
escr
iptio
ns•
Mus
ical
not
es•
Tech
nica
l too
ls
Cod
ing
of h
eart
puls
es w
ith m
usic
al n
otes
(Mar
quet
1769
). (a
) Nat
ural
regu
late
d pu
lse.
(b
) Thr
ee d
iffer
ent a
bnor
mal
pul
ses
incl
udin
g, fr
om to
p to
bot
tom
, dis
cont
inuo
us p
ulse
, irr
egul
ar in
term
itten
t pul
se, a
nd ir
regu
lar p
ulse
aris
ing
in b
etw
een
norm
al p
ulse
s
Biom
edic
al E
ngin
eerin
g: a
littl
e bi
t of h
isto
ry
Dr.
Wille
m E
inth
oven
inve
nted
the
first
pra
ctic
al e
lect
roca
rdio
gram
in 1
903
and
rece
ived
the
Nob
el P
rize
in M
edic
ine
in 1
924.
The
Abio
Cor
arti
ficia
l hea
rt,
an e
xam
ple
of a
bio
med
ical
en
gine
erin
g ap
plic
atio
n of
m
echa
nica
l eng
inee
ring
with
bio
com
patib
le
mat
eria
ls fo
r Car
diot
hora
cic
Surg
ery
usin
g an
arti
ficia
l or
gan.
Brea
stim
plan
ts,
anex
ampl
eof
abi
omed
ical
engi
neer
ing
appl
icat
ion
ofbi
ocom
patib
lem
ater
ials
toco
smet
icsu
rger
y.
Apu
mp
forc
ontin
uous
subc
utan
eous
insu
linin
fusi
on,a
nex
ampl
eof
abi
omed
ical
engi
neer
ing
appl
icat
ion
ofel
ectri
cale
ngin
eerin
gto
med
ical
equi
pmen
t.
Bio
med
ical
Eng
inee
ring
Anim
age
ofa
who
le-b
ody
scan
,ob
tain
edus
ing
ara
diop
harm
aceu
tical
labe
lled
with
tech
netiu
m-9
9mw
hich
colle
cts
inth
ebo
nes.
http
://sc
hool
s.m
edph
ys.u
cl.a
c.uk
/imag
es/im
age
s.ht
ml
On
the
left
is th
e fir
st x
-ray,
take
n in
189
5. O
n th
e rig
ht is
a m
oder
n eq
uiva
lent
.A
vol
ume
rend
ered
CT
imag
e of
the
pelv
is a
nd a
mam
mog
ram
(x-ra
y im
age
of th
e br
east
).
Aw
hole
-bod
yPE
Tsc
ansu
perim
pose
don
anX-
ray
CT
imag
e(g
rey/
blue
onsl
ide)
.In
this
way
,do
ctor
sge
tthe
bene
fitof
high
cont
rast
from
the
PET
scan
and
good
spat
ialr
esol
utio
nfro
mth
eC
Tim
age.
Ultr
asou
nd im
age
of h
uman
fetu
s
Surfa
cere
nder
edul
traso
und
imag
es.T
hese
ultra
soun
dim
ages
have
been
proc
esse
dby
com
pute
rto
show
the
surfa
ceof
the
baby
in3D
.A
phot
ogra
ph a
nd a
n x-
ray
imag
e of
an
endo
scop
e
Imag
es ta
ken
usin
g an
end
osco
pe, s
how
ing
a w
orm
(lef
t) an
d a
poly
p (ri
ght)
Trad
ition
al m
eans
of b
iosi
gnal
acqu
isiti
on in
Kor
ea
?
.
! (20
08)
Bios
igna
ls c
lass
ified
into
the
dyna
mic
nat
ure
(Qua
si) S
tatic
bio
sign
als:
e.g
. cor
e bo
dy te
mpe
ratu
redy
nam
ic b
iosi
gnal
s: e
.g. i
nsta
ntan
eous
bea
t-to-
beat
cha
nges
of t
he h
eart
rate
Bios
igna
ls c
lass
ified
into
the
exis
tenc
ePe
rman
ent b
iosi
gnal
s: e
lect
roca
rdio
gram
, pho
noca
rdio
gram
Indu
ced
bios
igna
ls: e
lect
ric p
leth
ysm
ogra
phy,
opt
ical
oxi
met
ry
Cla
ssifi
catio
n of
Bio
sign
als
Bios
igna
ls c
lass
ified
into
the
orig
ins
Elec
tric
bios
igna
ls: e
lect
roca
rdio
gram
, ele
ctro
ence
phal
ogra
m,
elec
trom
yogr
amM
agne
tic b
iosi
gnal
s: m
agne
toca
rdio
gram
Mec
hani
c bi
osig
nals
: mec
hano
resp
irogr
amO
ptic
bio
sign
als:
opt
ople
thys
mog
ram
Acou
stic
bio
sign
als:
pho
noca
rdio
gram
Che
mic
al b
iosi
gnal
sTh
erm
al b
iosi
gnal
sO
ther
bio
sign
als
The
poss
ible
cla
ssifi
catio
ns o
f bio
sign
als
acco
rdin
g to
thei
r (a)
exi
sten
ce, (
b) d
ynam
ic,
and
(c) o
rigin
, with
indi
cate
d he
art r
ate
f C, r
espi
rato
ry ra
te f R
, and
add
ition
al in
form
atio
n
Tren
ds o
f Bio
sign
als
Mon
itorin
g
Mul
ti-pa
ram
etric
+ Po
rtab
le/P
erva
sive
M
onito
ring
Futu
re v
isio
n of
phy
siol
ogic
mon
itorin
g in
clud
ing
stan
dard
and
nov
el te
chni
ques
. Qua
litat
ive
rela
tions
hip
is g
iven
be
twee
n th
e si
gnifi
canc
e an
d co
mfo
rt of
the
diffe
rent
mon
itorin
g sy
stem
s, i.
e., n
umbe
r of p
hysi
olog
ical
par
amet
ers
atta
ined
ver
sus
num
ber o
f sen
sors
nee
ded,
incl
udin
g no
vel m
ulti-
para
met
ric s
enso
rs.
Tren
ds o
f Bio
sign
als
Mon
itorin
g
A: R
espi
rato
ry ra
te a
sses
sed
by a
re
spira
tory
bel
t aro
und
the
thor
ax
B: A
rteria
l blo
od p
ress
ure
reco
rdin
g in
w
hich
dec
reas
ing
cuff
pres
sure
on
the
uppe
r arm
is re
cord
ed in
par
alle
l to
soun
ds re
cord
ed b
y a
mic
roph
one
over
the
brac
hial
arte
ry
Futu
re v
isio
n of
phy
siol
ogic
mon
itorin
g in
clud
ing
stan
dard
and
nov
el te
chni
ques
. Qua
litat
ive
rela
tions
hip
is g
iven
be
twee
n th
e si
gnifi
canc
e an
d co
mfo
rt of
the
diffe
rent
mon
itorin
g sy
stem
s, i.
e., n
umbe
r of p
hysi
olog
ical
par
amet
ers
atta
ined
ver
sus
num
ber o
f sen
sors
nee
ded,
incl
udin
g no
vel m
ulti-
para
met
ric s
enso
rs.
Tren
ds o
f Bio
sign
als
Mon
itorin
g
C: s
leep
mon
itorin
g of
a la
rge
num
ber o
f br
ain,
car
diac
, and
resp
irato
ry
para
met
ers
with
the
use
of th
e co
rresp
ondi
ng s
ingl
e pa
ram
eter
sen
sors
fo
r a c
ompr
ehen
sive
sle
ep a
sses
smen
t, e.
g., f
or s
leep
sta
ging
.
Futu
re v
isio
n of
phy
siol
ogic
mon
itorin
g in
clud
ing
stan
dard
and
nov
el te
chni
ques
. Qua
litat
ive
rela
tions
hip
is g
iven
be
twee
n th
e si
gnifi
canc
e an
d co
mfo
rt of
the
diffe
rent
mon
itorin
g sy
stem
s, i.
e., n
umbe
r of p
hysi
olog
ical
par
amet
ers
atta
ined
ver
sus
num
ber o
f sen
sors
nee
ded,
incl
udin
g no
vel m
ulti-
para
met
ric s
enso
rs.
Tren
ds o
f Bio
sign
als
Mon
itorin
g
D: A
n ac
oust
ic b
ody
soun
d se
nsor
on
the
ches
t offe
rs fo
r mon
itorin
g ca
rdia
c ac
tivity
, res
pira
tory
act
ivity
, and
bre
athi
ng
obst
ruct
ion
from
a s
ingl
e sp
ot
Sing
le-s
enso
r rea
lizat
ion
of th
e m
ulti-
para
met
ric
mon
itorin
g•
Nov
el s
enso
r con
cept
s, e
.g.,
base
d on
adv
ance
s in
tech
nolo
gy a
s m
inia
turiz
atio
n•
Opt
imiz
ed s
enso
r loc
atio
n, e
.g.,
prox
imal
inst
ead
of d
ista
l to
incr
ease
ph
ysio
logi
cal c
onte
nt o
f bio
sign
al•
Type
of r
ecor
ded
sign
als,
e.g
., op
tic in
stea
d of
ele
ctric
to g
et a
hig
her
spat
ial r
esol
utio
n•
Mut
ual i
nter
rela
tions
and
clin
ical
cor
rela
tions
of p
hysi
olog
ic p
aram
eter
s to
de
rive,
e.g
., us
e of
car
dior
espi
rato
ry in
terre
latio
ns•
Adva
nced
sig
nal p
roce
ssin
g m
etho
ds, e
.g.,
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
sig
nals
into
its
com
pone
nts
base
d on
thei
r ind
epen
denc
e
Tren
ds o
f Bio
sign
als
Mon
itorin
g
Prin
cipl
e of
mul
ti-pa
ram
etric
phy
siol
ogic
mon
itorin
g
Para
digm
cha
nges
from
his
tory
, whi
ch b
roug
ht b
asic
mon
itorin
g fu
nctio
ns, t
o pr
esen
t tim
es, w
hich
em
phas
ize
adva
nced
func
tiona
lity
in b
oth
clin
ical
set
tings
and
por
tabl
e ho
me
appl
icat
ions
, to
the
futu
re, w
hich
may
yie
ld in
tegr
ated
bio
med
ical
mon
itorin
g no
t per
ceiv
able
by
patie
nt b
ut e
asily
us
able
by
the
phys
icia
n. T
he p
orta
ble
Life
Shirt
syst
em s
how
n is
take
n fro
m R
AE S
yste
ms.
Appl
icat
ion
poin
t of v
iew
•Be
ginn
ing
with
a b
asic
insp
ectio
nw
ithou
t any
(or w
ith s
impl
e) in
stru
men
ts.
•Es
tabl
ishe
d cl
inic
al a
pplic
atio
ns:h
ighe
st re
liabi
lity
but r
equi
ring
a la
rge
effo
rt in
all
thre
e: a
pplie
d de
vice
s, a
ttend
ing
phys
icia
ns, a
nd la
bora
tory
pre
mis
es.
Furth
erm
ore,
the
labo
rato
ry w
indo
w o
f obs
erva
tion
is li
mite
d in
tim
e, i.
e.,
infre
quen
t (us
ually
vita
l) ph
ysio
logi
c ev
ents
are
eas
y to
mis
s.•
Port
able
app
licat
ions
emer
ge in
resp
onse
to e
cono
mic
impe
rativ
es a
nd n
eed
of im
prov
ed a
cces
s to
dia
gnos
is a
nd a
real
istic
app
rais
al o
f 24-
h pa
thol
ogy
and
mor
e co
mpl
ete
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
phy
siol
ogic
sta
te o
f the
pat
ient
. U
natte
nded
stu
dies
con
duct
ed in
a h
ome
envi
ronm
ent a
llow
for i
mpr
oved
co
mfo
rt an
d fa
milia
rity.
How
ever
, por
tabl
e re
cord
ing
usua
lly s
uffe
rs fr
om
seve
ral p
robl
ems,
e.g
., di
fficu
lt ho
ok-u
p of
pat
ient
s, p
oor a
sses
smen
t of s
igna
l qu
ality
and
dat
a lo
ss, a
s w
ell a
s in
suffi
cien
t exp
erie
nce
requ
ired
for p
rope
r in
terp
reta
tion
of p
orta
ble
data
reco
rds.
•La
stly,
per
vasi
ve a
pplic
atio
nsgo
vern
the
rese
arch
tren
ds in
bio
med
ical
en
gine
erin
g. T
he g
oal o
f per
vasi
ve h
ealth
car
e is
to p
rovi
de c
ontin
uous
pe
rson
aliz
ed h
ealth
mon
itorin
g of
pat
ient
s an
d he
alth
y in
divi
dual
sat
any
tim
e w
ithou
t con
stra
ints
of s
pace
, tim
e, a
nd p
hysi
cian
ava
ilabi
lity.
Perv
asiv
e m
onito
ring
syst
em•
Har
dwar
e-re
late
d re
quire
men
ts-
min
imal
obt
rusi
vene
ss a
nd c
ompa
ctne
ss, n
onha
zard
ous
and
inex
pens
ive
desi
gn fo
r a m
inim
um n
umbe
r of s
patia
lly d
istri
bute
d se
nsor
s an
d av
oidi
ng te
ther
ing
patie
nts
in a
tang
le o
f cab
les
-in
cons
picu
ous
and
nons
tigm
atiz
ing
desi
gn n
eede
d fo
r lon
g-te
rm
mon
itorin
g-
unno
ticea
ble
mon
itorin
g, e
.g.,
with
cap
aciti
ve, m
agne
tic, a
nd o
ptic
al
tech
nolo
gies
bec
ause
of t
heir
nonc
onta
ct p
hysi
cal n
atur
e-
the
reco
rded
bio
sign
alsh
ould
be
robu
st, i
.e.,
its re
sist
ance
to p
reva
lent
en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
such
as
body
mot
ions
, tem
pera
ture
cha
nges
, or
exte
rnal
inte
rfere
nce
(noi
se) w
hile
wire
less
ly c
omm
unic
atin
g-
prep
roce
ssin
gof
the
bios
igna
l, its
sto
rage
and
tran
smis
sion
und
er (v
ery)
lo
w p
ower
con
sum
ptio
nw
ould
com
pris
e th
e m
ost i
mpo
rtant
des
ign
char
acte
ristic
s-
safe
ty a
nd s
ecur
ity ri
sks
to b
e ac
coun
ted
for a
nd a
ccep
tabl
e in
rela
tion
to a
n ex
pect
ed m
onito
ring
bene
fit a
nd h
ealth
regu
latio
ns
Perv
asiv
e m
onito
ring
syst
em•
Syst
em-re
late
d re
quire
men
ts-
real
tim
e, ro
bust
, rel
iabl
e, a
nd s
ensi
tive
data
inte
rpre
tatio
n(b
esid
es fi
xed
thre
shol
ds) t
o m
inim
ize
fals
e al
arm
s-
bidi
rect
iona
l dat
a tr
ansf
eris
nec
essa
ry fo
r sen
sing
and
(ada
ptiv
e)
ther
apy,
e.g
., di
agno
sis
of c
ardi
ac s
tate
and
urg
ent t
hera
py b
y de
fibril
latio
n if
nece
ssar
y-
cont
ext-a
war
e he
alth
repr
esen
tatio
n m
ay b
e ne
eded
; the
col
lect
ed
data
is p
rese
nted
in d
iffer
ent w
ays
to th
e ph
ysic
ian
(e.g
., m
ore
deta
ils
incl
uded
) and
the
user
(e.g
., le
ss d
etai
ls b
ut p
erso
naliz
ed w
ith a
vis
ual
repr
esen
tatio
n of
hea
lth li
fest
yle
tend
enci
es)
-re
adily
acc
essi
ble
to p
hysi
cian
s, p
atie
nts,
and
eve
n to
hea
lthy
indi
vidu
als
Who
may
ben
efit
from
per
vasi
ve m
onito
ring
syst
em?
•H
igh-
risk
patie
nts
(e.g
., w
ith a
pnea
s gi
ven
by a
tem
pora
l ces
satio
n of
br
eath
ing
durin
g sl
eep)
and
chr
onic
pat
ient
s(e
.g.,
chro
nic
hear
t fai
lure
) pr
ofit
from
per
vasi
ve m
onito
ring,
as
wel
l as
athl
etes
(inte
rest
ed in
ca
rdio
resp
irato
ry fe
edba
ck d
urin
g re
st o
r tra
inin
g), t
he e
lder
ly(w
ith re
stric
ted
mob
ility)
, or e
ven
spec
ializ
ed o
ccup
atio
ns(e
.g.,
prof
essi
onal
driv
ers)
fo
rced
to u
nder
go p
reve
ntiv
e m
edic
al c
heck
up to
rece
ive
mor
e tim
ely
treat
men
t. •
Perv
asiv
e sy
stem
s m
ay b
e m
ore
rele
vant
to h
ealth
y in
divi
dual
s th
an to
ill
clin
ical
pat
ient
s.•
Perv
asiv
e as
sist
ance
usi
ng s
mar
t too
ls a
llevi
ate
the
limita
tion
on th
e ph
ysic
ian’
s w
orkl
oad
asso
ciat
ed w
ith d
iagn
ostic
exa
min
atio
ns o
f the
de
mog
raph
ical
ly e
volv
ing
popu
latio
n.
Yu e
t al.,
"Sm
artp
hone
fluo
resc
ence
spe
ctro
scop
y.“ A
nal.
Che
m.8
6, 8
805
(201
4).
Gal
lego
s et
al.,
"Lab
el-fr
ee b
iode
tect
ion
usin
g a
smar
tpho
ne."
Lab
on a
Chi
p13
, 212
4 (2
013)
.
Opt
ical
sen
sing
for s
mar
t hea
lthca
re
Brem
er e
t al.,
"Fib
reop
tic s
urfa
ce p
lasm
on
reso
nanc
e se
nsor
sys
tem
des
igne
d fo
r sm
artp
hone
s." O
pt. E
xpre
ss23
, 171
79 (2
015)
Liu
et a
l., "S
urfa
ce p
lasm
on re
sona
nce
bios
enso
r bas
ed o
n sm
art p
hone
pl
atfo
rms.
"Sci
entif
ic re
ports
5 (2
015)
.
Smar
tpho
ne b
ased
Ag
coat
ed S
PR s
enso
r
Labe
l-fre
e ph
oton
ic c
ryst
al b
iose
nsor
Smar
tpho
ne b
ased
fluo
rimet
er
Smar
tpho
ne b
ased
SPR
sen
sor
Hos
sain
et a
l.,“P
orta
ble
smar
tpho
ne o
ptic
al
fibre
spec
trom
eter
," O
FS24
, 201
5.
Lee
et a
l., "A
sm
artp
hone
-bas
ed c
hip-
scal
e m
icro
scop
e us
ing
ambi
ent
illum
inat
ion.
"Lab
on
a C
hip
14, 3
056
(201
4)Ll
ordé
set
al.,
"Tun
able
nea
r-inf
rare
d an
d vi
sibl
e-lig
ht tr
ansm
ittan
ce in
na
nocr
ysta
l-in-
glas
s co
mpo
site
s."N
atur
e50
0, 3
23 (2
013)
Port
able
spe
ctro
met
er
Chi
p m
icro
scop
ePo
rtab
le fl
uore
scen
ce m
icro
scop
yW
ei e
t al.,
"Flu
ores
cent
imag
ing
of s
ingl
e na
nopa
rticl
es a
nd
viru
ses
on a
sm
art p
hone
." AC
S N
ano
7, 9
147
(201
3)
Smar
t win
dow
Opt
ical
imag
ing
for s
mar
t hea
lthca
re
Qlo
udla
b–
ANU
–3D
Smar
t hea
lthca
re
Eyen
aem
ia(A
ustra
lia)
Peek
Vis
ion
D -
EYE
: por
tabl
e op
htha
lmos
cope
/
(MW
C 2
015)
Smar
t hea
lthca
re
SVO
ne:
()
Smar
t hea
lthca
reTe
lem
edic
ine
Mob
ile h
ospi
tal
Tele
med
icin
e
Pros
pect
s of
per
vasi
ve h
ealth
mon
itorin
g sy
stem
s•
Perv
asiv
e ap
plic
atio
ns c
an b
e ex
pect
ed to
redu
ce to
tal m
edic
al c
osts
, in
crea
se c
ontin
uity
and
impr
ove
avai
labi
lity
of h
ealth
car
e an
d fa
cilit
ate
the
wor
k of
phy
sici
ans.
•
Incr
easi
ngly,
phy
sici
ans,
pat
ient
s, a
nd h
ealth
y su
bjec
ts a
ppea
r to
acce
pt
info
rmat
ion
tech
nolo
gy to
ass
ist i
n th
eir d
ecis
ion
mak
ing,
to tu
rn th
e ph
ysic
ian’
s at
tent
ion
to th
e pe
rson
if n
eces
sary
, and
to b
e an
obj
ectiv
e gu
ide
thro
ugh
the
posi
tive
way
of l
ife.
