Ch 1 Bio 201 Intro Handout

7/21/2019 Ch 1 Bio 201 Intro Handout

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Chapter 1Major Themes of Anatomy & Physiology

• Form and Function

• Origins of Biomedical

cience• Scientific Method

• !uman Origins and

Adaptations• !uman tructure

• !uman Function

• "anguage of Medicine



Anatomy # The tudy of Form

• O$ser%ation of surface structure

• Cadaver dissection is cutting & separation oforgans to study their relationships

• Comparative anatomy is the study of more thanone species to analye e%olutionary trends

• Physical examination

' palpation( auscultation( percussion• Gross anatomy is )hat is %isi$le )ith na*ed eye

• Histology is e+amination of cells,tissues )ith

microscope



Gross Anatomy

Human Cadaver

Intermediatedissection of the

abdomen.



!istology

• Four Primary Tissue Types- .CM/0

' Connecti%e

' Muscular

' /pithelial

' 0er%ous



Epithelial Tissue



Connective Tissue



Muscular Tissue



Nervous Tissue



Histology: Kidney



Histology: !in



Physiology # The tudy of Function

• tudy of bodily functions by use of methods of

experimental science

• Comparative physiology in%ol%es the study of

different species

• Basis for the de%elopment of ne) drugs and

medical procedures



Beginnings of Medicine

• Physicians in "esopotamia & #gypt 2333 yearsago used her$al drugs( salts & physical therapy

A lot of good it did this guy4

!is penis )as o%erloo*ed until

15567earning the title of

.Princess8

The 9princess9 )as pro$a$ly a :; 59tall temple priest )ho )as

appro+imately <3 years old )hen

he died8



Beginnings of Medicine

• =ree* physician Hippocrates esta$lished a code of ethics

$ urged physicians to see! causes of disease

• Aristotle called causes for disease physiologi & said that

complex structures are built from simpler parts

• Galen( physician to the >oman gladiators( sa) science as amethod of disco%ery8

' did animal dissections since use of cada%ers $anned

' )rote $oo* ad%ising follo)ers to trust their o)n o$ser%ation



Four !umors ?< ecretions@- llness resulted from an

o%er production or under production of humors

Choleric.ello) Bile

=all Bladder

arm,Dry

ummer,Fire

easily angered( $adtempered

Melancholic.Blac* Bile

pleenCold,Dry

Autumn,/arth

despondent(

sleepless( irrita$le

Phlematic.ater

Brain,"ungs

Cold,Moist

inter,ater

calm( unemotional

anguine.Blood

"i%er

arm,Moist

pring,Air

courageous(

hopeful( amorous

<33 BC ' 1E33 AD



Birth of Modern Medicine• "ittle ad%ancement during the Middle

ages since medicine )as taught asdogma )ith no ne) ideas

• Avicenna from Muslim )orld

supported free inuiry o%er authority ' )rote The Canon of Medicine( used in

medical schools until 16th century

• %esalius pu$lished accurate grossanatomy atlas ?1:<2@

• Harvey reali&ed blood flo's out

from heart $ bac! to it in ()*+

http://www.nndb.com/people/631/000097340/avicenna-2-sized.jpg



Birth of Modern Medicine

• ,eeu'enhoe! in%ented microscope to loo* at

fa$rics ?162G#1HG2@

• Hoo!e ?166:@ and -eiss ?1E63@ de%eloped &

impro%ed compound microscope ?descri$ed plant

cell )alls in 166:@

•chleiden $ ch'ann thought that allorganisms 'ere composed of cells cell theory

of (+/0



Birth of Modern Medicine

• Clinical practice )as in dismal state ' $leeding patients to remo%e to+ins( operate )ith dirty

hands( no anesthesia for amputations

Igna& Philipp emmel'eis ?1E1E '1E6:@

!ungarian physician descri$ed as the 9sa%ior

of mothers9( )ho disco%ered $y 1E<H that

the incidence of puerperal fe%er could $edrastically cut $y the use of hand

disinfection ?$y means of hand )ashing )ith

chlorinated lime solution@ in o$stetrical

clinics8 ?Iienna =eneral !ospital@

http-,,en8)i*ipedia8org,)i*i,gnaJemmel)eis



1lood ,etting:

(+)2

t )as popular to do it in the

spring to pre%ent disease8

n 1E2:( a French physician

used medical statistics to

pro%e that the techniue

didnKt )or*7

Fe) listened7

molan( >8( Moffitt( P8( Medicines Great Journey, One !undred ears of !ealing( "ittle( Bro)n and Co( L 155G( p <38



"i%ing in a >e%olution

• Pioneers in (0th $ *2th centuries

' esta$lished scientific )ay of thin*ing

' replaced superstition ?four humors@ )ith natural la)s

' momentous disco%eries

• germ theory of disease

• heredity $ structure of 34A

• 4o' at threshold of modern biomedical science

' technology enhanced diagnostic a$ility & life#support strategies

' genetic re%olution ##li$rary of the molecular structure of e%ery

human gene is finished

• Gene therapy being used to treat disease



!uman tructure

• Hierarchy of complexity ' organism is composed of

organ systems

' organ systems composedof organs

' organs composed of tissues

' tissues composed of cells

' organelles composed ofmolecules

' molecules composed ofatoms



Anatomical Iariation

• 0o G humans are e+actly ali*e

• Missing organs

' palmaris longus or plantaris muscles

• More or less organs than normal ' G spleens( single *idney( 6 or < lum$ar %erte$rae

• Iariation in organ locations ?situs in%ersus(

de+trocardia( situs per%ersus@



!uman Function

• Characteristics of life ' organiation

' cellular composition

' e+cretion

' meta$olism

' responsi%eness and mo%ement

' homeostasis

' de%elopment ?gro)th or differentiation@ ' reproduction

' e%olution

• Clinical death is no $rain )a%es for G< hours



Physiological Iariation

• Differs )ith se+( age( diet( )eight( degree of physical acti%ity

• Typical human %alues

' reference man

• GG years old( 1:< l$s( light physical acti%ity

• GE33 *cal,day ' reference )oman

• same as man e+cept 1GE l$s and G333 *cal,day

' M/TABO"C and !O>MO0A" DFF/>/0C/- ' /+ample !uman Chorionic =onadotropin in rine amples



!omeostasis• Hippocrates noted that $ody normally returns

to a state of euili$rium $y itself ' needs to detect the change $ oppose it

• 5alter Cannon ?1EH1#15<:@ coined the term

homeostasis indicating stable internalenvironment

nternal en%ironment descri$ed as dynamice6uilibrium

' fluctuates 'ithin a range around a certain setpoint

,oss of homeostatic control causes illness or

death

!ippocrates

Father of Medicine<63 ' 2H3 BC



!omeostasis

• Mechanism-

' >eceptor

' ntegrator

' /ffector

• Terms-

' et Point

' 0egati%e Feed$ac*

' Positi%e Feed$ac*



4egative 7eedbac! ,oops• "echanism to !eep a variable close to its set

point

• 1ody senses a change $ activates mechanisms

to reverse it

et at 6E



4egative 7eedbac! ( et Point

• >oom temperature does not stay at set point of 6E

degrees ## it only a%erages 6E degrees



Human 8hermoregulation

• Blood temperature sensing ner%e cells in $ase of $raincontrol shi%ering( s)eating & %asomotor acti%ity

' vasodilation )ith heat & vasoconstriction )ith cold

• #vaporation of )ater & heat radiation occur



Control of 1lood Pressure

• 9ise in blood pressure detected

' stretch receptors in )all of heart and major

arteries7>/C/PTO>

• 0er%e signals tra%el to cardiac center in

$rainstem70T/=>ATO> CO0T>O" C/0T/>

• 0er%e signals slo) heart ?and %asodialate $lood

%essels@ and lo'er blood pressure7/FF/CTO>



Homeostasis: 1lood Pressure

• 0egati%e Feed$ac*Mechanisms

Effector Integrator

Control Center

Receptor

C 4 I

: % i s c

e r a l A

f f e r e n

t

C 4 I : % i s

c e r a l A

f f e r e n t

C 4 : % i s

c e r a l # f f

e r e n t

y m p a

t h e t i c

: % i s c

e r a l #

f f e r e n

t



tructures 0eeded for Feed$ac* "oop

• >eceptor N structure that senses change ' stretch receptors ?Baroreceptor@ in heart & large $lood

%essels send information of an ele%ated BP tointegrator

• ntegrator N control center ' cardiac center in $rainstem ?medulla o$longata@ that

signals heart to slo)

• /ffector N structures that carry out commands ofthe control center ' heart slo)s and BP decreases

' s)eating $egins and e%aporation cools the $ody



Positi%e Feed$ac* "oops• Physiological change that leads to an even greater change in

the same direction ;selfamplifying<

• 4ormal 'ay of producing rapid changes ' birth= blood clotting= protein digestion= generation of nerve signals

! th i



!yperthermia

"ife#Threatening Fe%er •

f temperature rises a$o%e 13E degrees due to $acterial infection7

' meta$olic rate

increases causing

$ody to produceheat faster still

• Temperature

increases &cycle repeats

• Fatal at 112

degrees



>e%ie) of Major Themes

• nifying principles $ehind all aspects of humananatomy and physiology ' cell theory: all structure & function result from the

acti%ity of cells8 Cells are the basic unit of structure in

every living thing. ' homeostasis: maintaining sta$le conditions )ithin the

$ody8 Important in adjusting to environmental insultsand changes.

' hierarchy of structure: le%els of comple+ity

' unity of form and function: physiology can not $e

separated from anatomy



Medical maging• 9adiography

' xrays disco%ered ?illiam >oentgen@ in 1EE:

' penetrate soft tissues $ dar!en photographic

film on other side of the body

' dense tissue ;bone= teeth and tumors< are not

penetrated so photographic film remains 'hite

' radiopa6ue su$stances can $e either injected

?angiography@ or s)allo)ed for e+amination

of the gastrointestinal tract

• onography

' high#freuency ultrasound 'aves echoes $ac*

from internal organs

' o$stetrics uses to locate placenta( e%aluate fetal

age( position and de%elopment



>adiograph- AP Chest



Medical maging

• Computed 8omography ;C8 scan< ' lo)#intensity rays applied to the $ody

' computer analysis produces an image of a sliceof the $ody a$out as thin as a coin

' tumors( aneurysms( hemorrhages( *idney

stones( etc ?http:>>online.'s?.com>article>1(*)2+*/0+@+*)0(2B.html<

• "agnetic 9esonance Imaging ;"9I< ' magnetic field aligns hydrogen atoms radio

'aves realign the atoms )hen radio is turned

off the atoms gi%e off energy depending on tissuetype

' computer analysis produces a .slice type image

' better for soft tissuesoft tissue analysis than C8



Medical maging

• Positron /mission Tomography ?P/T scan@ ' assesses the meta$olic state of a tissue

' injection of radioactively labeled glucose emitspositrons ?a positi%e particle of eual mass of an

electron@8 ' colliding positrons & electrons

gi%e off gamma rays that areanalyed $y computer

' color image of glucose usage atthat moment

• e+tent of damaged heart tissue

• acti%ity of $rain of neurology patients

Ch 1 Bio 201 Intro Handout

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