Cervical Cancer: an overview PAHO Regional Strategy and ... · Cervical cancer highlights the...
Transcript of Cervical Cancer: an overview PAHO Regional Strategy and ... · Cervical cancer highlights the...
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Cervical Cancer Advocacy Workshop for Caribbean Cancer Societies and Foundations
21 March, 2013, St Martin
Dr Tomo Kanda
Advisor on Chronic Diseases & Mental Health
PAHO Office for Barbados and Eastern Caribbean Countries, Barbados
Cervical Cancer: an overview PAHO Regional Strategy and Plan of Action
for Cancer Prevention and Control
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PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
CERVICAL CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY IN LAC
WHY SUCH A HIGH BURDEN OF DISEASE?
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PREVENTION
PAHO´s CURRENT WORK
Pan American Health Organization
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CERVICAL CANCER: THE CHALLENGE
Europe 28,181
Africa 78,897
Asia 148,910
Central and South
America 71,862
North America
4,413
Eastern mediterranean
11,123 Caribbean
2,245
Invasive cervical cancer affects an estimated 530,000 additional women worldwide each year and leads to more than 275,000 deaths annually
About 88% of these deaths occur in developing countries
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Cervical cancer highlights the existing inequities in wealth,
gender and access to health services
80,000 new cases
36,000 deaths
IN THE REGION OF THE AMERICAS Most frequest cancer among female
CERVICAL CANCER: THE CHALLENGE
1.7
10.7
11.1
9.4
5.7
23.9
22.2
20.9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NOTHERN AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
CENTRAL AMERICA
CARIBBEAN
Age standardized incidence rate Age standardized mortality rate
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Cervical cancer affects women during their most productive years
CERVICAL CANCER: THE CHALLENGE
1293 1701
952
1872
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2008 2030
≥65
<65
If current trends continue, cervical cancer deaths in the Caribbean
are projected to increase to over 3,500 in 2030
CERVICAL CANCER DEATHS IN THE CARIBBEAN
60% of deaths in women <65 yrs
1st most frequent cancer among women (15-44 years of age)
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AGE-STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATES
source: IARC, Globocan 2002
CERVICAL CANCER MORTALITY
per 100,000 women/year
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AGE-STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATES
source: IARC, Globocan 2002
CERVICAL CANCER MORTALITY
per 100,000 women/year
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Age-standardized rate (per 100,000 women/year)
source: IARC, Globocan 2002
CERVICAL CANCER IN THE CARIBBEAN
COUNTRY
INCIDENCE MORTALITY
No Cases ASR No Cases ASR
HAITI 2774 64.7 1484 48.1
JAMAICA 383 31.2 151 12.2
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
186 27.1 73 10.7
BARBADOS 46 24.9 18 9.4
BAHAMAS 25 16.7 9 6.2
PUERTO RICO 223 8.8 75 2.8
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(%) AMONG WOMEN WITH NORMAL CYTOLOGY
source: ICO/WHO Summary Report Update. Americas. October 2009
HPV Prevalence in Selected Countries
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MOST FREQUENT HPV TYPES (%) AMONG WOMEN WITH CERVICAL CANCER
source: ICO/WHO Summary Report Update. Americas. October, 2009
HP
V T
YP
ES
HPV GENOTYPES IN LAC
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(%) in the Caribbean
Source: ICO/WHO Summary Report Update. Americas. October 2009
HPV PREVALENCE
CYTOLOGY RESULT CUBA JAMAICA
NORMAL No. tested - -
HPV Prev - -
LOW-GRADE LESIONS
No. tested 248
HPV Prev 61%
HIGH-GRADE LESIONS
No. tested 66
HPV Prev 80%
CERVICAL CANCER
No. tested 45
HPV Prev 98%
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CERVICAL CANCER IN LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN
CERVICAL CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY IN LAC
WHY SUCH A HIGH BURDEN OF DISEASE?
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PREVENTION
PAHO´s CURRENT WORK
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Why such a difference in cervical cancer between LAC and developed countries?
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH WOMEN
PROGRAM ORGANIZATION
SCREENING TECHNOLOGY
REASONS FOR BURDEN INEQUITIES
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OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION PROGRAMS
HPV VACCINES
SCREEN & TREAT APPROACH VIA followed by cryotherapy treatment
NEW SCREENING TESTS HPV DNA Tests,
VIA(Visual inspection with acetic acid)
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Routine HPV vaccine in national immunization programs, if: • cervical cancer prevention is a priority
• it is feasible
• sustainable financing can be secured
• cost-effectiveness is considered
Priority Population • girls aged 9-13 years
Catch up strategy • adolescent and young women (eg 14-26), if feasible and
cost-effective
WHO Recommendations: HPV Vaccines
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1. Conduct a situation assessment
2. Intensify information, education and counseling
3. Fortify screening and pre-cancer treatment programs
4. Establish or stengthen information systems and cancer registries
5. Improve access and quality of cancer treatment and of palliative care
6. Generate evidence to facilitate decision making regarding HPV vaccine introduction
7. Advocate for equitable access and affordable comprehensive cervical cancer prevention
REGIONAL STRATEGY AND PLAN OF ACTION FOR CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION AND CONTROL
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REGIONAL STRATEGY AND PLAN OF ACTION FOR CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION AND CONTROL
In settings with sufficient resources to sustain quality Pap test screening and guarantee timely and appropriate follow
up for women screened positive, strengthen screening programs by :
Improving the quality of screening tests, and consider introducing HPV DNA testing
Increasing the screening coverage of women in the at risk age group (>30 years)
Increasing the proportion of timely and appropriate follow up care for women with abnormal screening test results
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REGIONAL STRATEGY AND PLAN OF ACTION FOR CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION AND CONTROL
In settings where resources are not sufficient to sustain quality Pap test screening and where there are high rates of women who do not have access to timely and appropriate follow-up care :
Consider incorporating a single visit screen and treatment approach
This involves screening women with VIA followed by immediate treatment of precancerous lesions with cryotherapy
This approach can be easily carried out from primary health care services or through outreach campaigns
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PAP
VIA
PAP/VIA
PAP/HPV DNA testing followed by triage with PAP
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REGIONAL STRATEGY
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KEY MESSAGES
• Evidence and tools are available to improve effectiveness of cervical cancer programs.
• A comprehensive, integrated approach to cervical cancer prevention and control is essential (best utilization of existing programs at PHC) • Organized screening programs designed and managed at the
central level to reach most women at risk are preferable to opportunistic screening.
• Regardless of the test used, the key to an effective program is to reach the largest proportion of women at risk (high coverage) with quality screening and adequate and timely follow up and treatment.
• Advocacy for public education through multisectoral approach is important.
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Thank you