Visual 5.1

SEARCH AND RESCUE

Visual 5.2

Visual 5.3

Unit Objectives

! Identify sizeup requirements for potential search and rescue situations.

! Describe the most common techniques for search a structure.

! Use safe techniques for debris removal and victim extrication.

! Describe ways to protect rescuers during search and rescue.

Visual 5.4

Goals

! Scene Safety! Building Size-up! Team Safety! Lifting and Cribbing ! Carries and Drags

Visual 5.5

Search and Rescue Operations

! Sizeup! Search involves:

" Locating victims." Documenting location.

! Rescue involves procedures and methods to extricate victims

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Special Challenges

! Large Buildings

! Wide Area Search

! Laboratories" Chemicals" Animals

Visual 5.7

Large Buildings

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Wide Area Searches

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Laboratory Chemicals

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Labaratory Animals

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Decision To Attempt Rescue

! Risk involved to the rescuer! Greatest good for greatest number of people

Visual 5.12

Goals of Search and Rescue

! Rescue greatest number in shortest amount of time

! Rescue lightly trapped victims first

Visual 5.13

Visual 5.14

Effective Search and Rescue

! Effective sizeup! Rescuer safety! Victims safety

Visual 5.15

CERT Search and Rescue Sizeup

1. Gather Facts2. Assess Damage3. Consider Probabilities4. Assess Your Situation5. Establish Priorities6. Make Decisions7. Develop Plans of Action8. Take Action9. Evaluate Progress

Visual 5.16

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Step 1: Gather Facts

Consider the:! Time of event and day of week.! Type of structure.! Construction type.! Weather.! Hazards.

Gather facts accurately.

Visual 5.19

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS Building Code Estimates Based on Area

! Schools - varies 1 per 50 to 100 sq. ft! Hospitals 50 to 200! Multi-residential 100 to 300! Commercial 50 to 200! Office/govt bldg 100 to 200! Public assembly 10 to 50! Public safety 100 to 200! Industrial 100 to 300! Warehouse 400 to 900

Visual 5.20

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTSOther Methods to Estimate

! Number of Cars in Parking Lot" Assembly occupancies" Low Rise Office & Light Industrial Bldgs" Low Rise Commercial - Shopping Malls

! Number of Bedrooms" Multi-unit Housing

Visual 5.21

Step 2: Assess and Communicate Damage

CERT mission changes if:! Damage is light.! Damage is moderate.! Damage is heavy.

Consider structure type and age.Never enter a structure with heavy damage!

Visual 5.22

Search and Rescue

Slight Damage

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Search and Rescue

Moderate Damage

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Search and Rescue

Heavy Damage

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Search and Rescue

Heavy Damage

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Search and Rescue

Heavy Damage

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Search and Rescue sizeup

! Personnel! Tools! Equipment

Visual 5.28

Safety Considerations

! Make rescuer safety your primary concern.! Use a buddy system.! Be alert for hazards.! Use safety equipment.! Rotate teams.

Teamwork=Success

Visual 5.29

Conducting Search Operations

Inspect area by:1. Employing search techniques based on size up.2. Locating potential victims.

Visual 5.30

Conducting Search Operations

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Conducting Search Operations

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Conducting Search Operations

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Conducting Search Operations

Individual Voids

Visual 5.34

880 collapse - showing typical void space created by deep beam - Survivable

1.3-73

Visual 5.35

12 story Mexico City Pancake

1.3-45

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Visual 5.37

Effective Search Methodology

! Indicates rescuer location! Prevents duplication of effort

Visual 5.38

Search Methods

1. Call out to victims.2. Use systematic search pattern.3. Stop frequently to listen.4. Triangulate.5. Mark searched areas to document results.6. Report results.

Visual 5.39

Conducting Search Operations

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Conducting Rescue Operations

Primary Functions:! Creating safe rescue environment

" Lift objects out of the way." Use tools to move objects." Remove debris.

! Triaging or stabilizing victims! Removing victims

Visual 5.41

Creating a Safe Environment

Goals:! Maintain rescuer safety.! Triage in lightly and moderately damaged

buildings.! Evacuate victims quickly from moderately

damaged buildings-minimize injury.

Visual 5.42

Precautions to Minimize Risk

Safe Environment:! Know your limitations! Follow safety procedures.! Remove debris by:

" Leveraging." Cribbing.

Visual 5.43

GIVE ME A PLACE TO STAND AND I WILL MOVE THE EARTH

Visual 5.44

THE APPLICATION OF LEVERS

! Move, haul, or pull a load that would be outside of the humans power window.

Fulcrum

500 LB.Load

1 ft5 feet

500/5 = 100 5:1 MAForce

Visual 5.45

CLASS ONE LEVER

Fulcrum is placed between the force applied and the load.

Force

Load

Fulcrum

Used when a decided Used when a decided advantage is requiredadvantage is required

Visual 5.46

WEIGHTS OF COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS

! Reinforced concrete = 150 pcf! Masonry = 125 pcf! Wood = 35 pcf! Steel = 490 pcf! Concrete or masonry rubble = 10 psf per inch

Visual 5.47

WEIGHTS OF COMMON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

! Concrete floors = 90 to 150 psf " Light weight concrete is about 80%

! Steel systems w/ conc fill slabs = 50 to 70 psf ! Wood floor = 10 to 25 psf

" (post 1960 wood floors may have concrete fill) ! Add 10 to 15 psf for wood/metal interior walls

" each floor! Add 10 psf or more each floor or furniture etc.

" More for storage! Add 10 psf or more for Rescuers

Visual 5.48

GENERAL RULES OF THUMB NORMAL CAPACITY OF UNDAMAGED CONSTRUCTION

! One undamaged wood framed floor will support one damaged wood floor

! One undamaged steel framed floor will support one damaged steel floor

! It takes two undamaged reinforced concrete floors to support one damaged concrete floor

Visual 5.49

WOOD CRIBBING

! Capacity based on crossgrain bearing area of system

! Allow stress varies from 200 to 1000psi for wood species

! For 2 member x 2 member crib " 4x4 capacity = 24,000# (500psi) " 6x6 capacity = 60,000#

! Limit Height to Width to 3 to 1 ! Overlap corners by 4 to assure slow,

crushing failure" Crib can crush as much as 20%

Visual 5.50

CRIBBING LAYOUT

2 X 2 3 X 3 Solid Bearing

Triangle Parallelogram

W W

Both these not very stable. KeepHt to W 1 to 1 max

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CRIBBING6000 lbs. per contact point6000 lbs. per contact point

Four point systemFour point system Nine point systemNine point system

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CRIBBING

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Removing Victims

Types of victim removal include:! Self-removal or assist.! Lifts and drags.

Allow victims to extricate themselves when possible.

Visual 5.56

Extrication Method

Depends upon:! General stability of immediate environment.! Number of rescuers available.! Strength and ability of rescuers.! Condition of victim.

Visual 5.57

!Questions or Comments