Ceramic Residue Analysis - AEGIS...The analysis and interpretation of the “ manifested in the...
Transcript of Ceramic Residue Analysis - AEGIS...The analysis and interpretation of the “ manifested in the...
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Jammi L. Ladwig, M.A., Doctoral Candidate
March 13th, 2015
Introduction to Phytolith Analysis
◦ Definitions
◦ History of Phytolith Research ◦ Taxonomic Sensitivity and Morphotypes
◦ Laboratory Techniques and Analytical Considerations
“How it’s Done” … dependent on who is doing it, specific research questions …
Software Programs
• kounter (T2) •Tilia (1.7.16) • ImageJ (FIJI)
• LAS EZ (Leica Application Suite)
Current Methodological & Theoretical Issues / Topics
…Break (~10 or 15 mins)…
MICROSCOPY TIME!!!
Phytoliths (plant stones) are silicified plant cells. Monosilicic acid (H4SiO4) from the environment is taken up by plants (as groundwater) and is laid down in cell walls, cell interiors, and intercellular spaces as silicon dioxide (SiO2).
Some cells are active silica accumulators (short cells), while other portions of plants can be incidentally silicified (long cells, epidermal tissue, etc).
Different plant families, genera, and species produce different phytolith assemblages, and different parts of any given plant produce different phytolith morphotypes.
Many phytolith forms are highly redundant, with significant overlap in shape and size, though there are some forms which are diagnostic (or thought to be so).
Phyto = plant, Lython = stone
Hydrogenated Silicon Dioxide (SiO2 • H20)
Roots
Monosilicic Acid (H2SiO4)
Phytoliths - Plant stones made of opal (non-crystalline) silica
Cyperaceae (Sedge)
roots
Zizania palustris
(Wild rice)
Red pine (bark) White pine (bark)
Phragmites australis
(Giant Reed)
Credit: Chad Yost
Phalaris
arundinacea
(Reed canarygrass)
“I collected a little packet of this brown-coloured fine dust, which appeared to have been filtered from the wind by the gauze of the vane at the masthead. Professor Ehrenberg finds that this dust consists in great part of the infusoria with siliceous shields, and of the siliceous tissue of plants. In five little packets which I sent him, he has ascertained no less than sixty-seven organic forms.”
[Darwin 1909 as cited in Piperno 2006: 2-3].
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The Discovery and Exploratory Stage ◦ (1835 – 1895)
The Botanical Phase ◦ (1895 – 1936)
The Period of Ecological Research ◦ (1955 – 1975)
The Modern Period of Archaeological and
Paleoenvironmental Research ◦ (1975 – Present)
“Paleoethnobotanist: An archaeologist who analyzes and
interprets plant remains from archaeological sites in order
to understand past interactions between human
populations and plants.” (pg. 210)
Archaeobotany Refers only to the recovery and identification of plant
remains, unrelated to human activity, from archaeological
contexts by specialists.
Paleoethnobotany Introduced by Hans Helbaek in 1959, defined by
Richard Ford (1979: 286) as:
“The analysis and interpretation of the
direct interrelationships between humans
and plants for whatever purpose as
manifested in the archaeological record.”
Investigating plants from archaeological contexts
Macro-botanical (macroremains)
visible with the naked-eye or very low-powered microscopy
charred, desiccated, or waterlogged floral remains such as seeds, nut
shells, fruit pits, etc.
Micro-botanical (microremains, microfossil)
visible only with the assistance of microscopy
inorganic (generally) but also some organic compounds, such as
pollen, starch grains, phytoliths, diatoms, etc.
Pollen vs. Phytoliths Attribute Pollen Phytoliths
Anatomical origin Flowers All parts of the plant
Produced by Most vascular plants Only some groups of plants
Size range 10-100 μm 5-200 μm
Phenology Annual or biannual Continuously
Control Genetic Genetic and passive (E/T)
Morphotypes ~1:1 (order, family, genus, species) Highly variable
Dispersal Wind and insect Decay-in-place
2° transport Wind, water, herbivory Wind, water, herbivory, ash
Production/yr 104 (flax)-1010 (pine) 105-106 (grass)
Influx (cm2/yr) 101 (desert)-104 (pine forest) ~103 for lakes, soils likely higher
Spatial interpretation Local and regional Mostly local, limited regional
Best preservation Acidic, anoxic, abiotic, no T or ppt 𝚫 Acidic to neutral, alkaline if dry
Tree/Shrub resolution Good for most wind pollinated taxa Very limited (Pinus, Celtis, Arecaceae)
Grass resolution Family level (Poaceae) Subfamily, some genus and species IDs
Credit: Chad Yost
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Cucurbitaceae (squash/gourd; Cucurbita maxima)
Fabaceae (bean; Phaseolus vulgaris)
Poaceae (grass; Leersia oryzoides – rice cutgrass)
Poaceae (grass; Triticum sp. – wheat)
Poaceae (grass; Zea mays – corn)
(Figure developed from Novello et al. 2012, Review of Palaeobotany and
Palynology, Phytolith signal of aquatic plants and soils in Chad, Central
Africa, V. 178, 15 June 2012, pp. 43-58)
Morphotypes: (phytolith “shapes”)
Ro: rondels
Bi: bilobate
Cr: cross
Poly: polylobate
S: saddles
Tra: trapeziform
Phytolith Shape Description by Plant Anatomical Location
(Developed from Madella et al. 2005, ICPN Working Group,
"International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature 1.0")
Phytolith Morphotypes
(Developed from Madella et al. 2005, ICPN Working Group, "International Code
for Phytolith Nomenclature 1.0")
• 3 species of wild rice native to North America:
• Zizania aquatica, Z. palustris, Z. texana (endemic to Texas) – 1 species, Z. latifolia, is found in Japan (native), Asia, India, Russia, Korea, and is grown as an exotic
species in Hawaii
• Grows annually (Z. aquatica + Z. palustris) in lakes and rivers; • [Z. latifolia and Z. texana perennial]
• Seed shatters (is ripe and drops) in late summer/early
autumn
• Taxonomic position:
Kingdom Plantae – Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants Class Liliopsida – Monocotyledons Subclass Commelinidae Order Cyperales Family Poaceae – Grasses Genus Zizania L. – wild rice
(http://www.fsl.orst.edu/forages/projects/regrowt
h/print-section.cfm?title=Grass%20Structures)
(http://www.fsl.orst.edu/forages/projects/regrowth/seed.jpg)
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Credit: Chad Yost
Inflorescence Type-1 (rondel) Phytoliths on Wild Rice Hull (pistillate spikelet lemma)
Credit: Chad Yost
Inflorescence Type-1 (rondel) Phytoliths on Wild Rice Hull (pistillate spikelet lemma)
Credit: Chad Yost
Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 2 & 1
Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2
Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 4 Leaf Type 5
Leaf Type 5 Leaf Type 6
A B C
C
D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Zizania palustris (wild rice) Leaf Phytoliths
Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 2 & 1
Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2
Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 4 Leaf Type 5
Leaf Type 5 Leaf Type 6
A B C
C
D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Zizania Morphotype ICPN* Nomenclature % Morphotypea
Leaf Type 1 Cross 15.1
Leaf Type 2 Bilobate 22.3
Leaf Type 3 Trapeziform 19.6
Leaf Type 4 Interstomatal Ground Cell 12.1
Leaf Type 5 Blocky and cuneiform bulliform 22.7
Leaf Type 6 Elongate tuberculate long cell 8.2 a n=515; *ICPN=International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature
Leaf Type 1
Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 2 & 1
Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2
Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 4 Leaf Type 5
Leaf Type 5 Leaf Type 6
A B C
C
D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 2 & 1
Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2
Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 4 Leaf Type 5
Leaf Type 5 Leaf Type 6
A B C
C
D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 2 & 1 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2
Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 4 Leaf Type 5 Leaf Type 5 Leaf Type 6
Credit: Chad Yost
Zizania palustris (wild rice) Sheath Phytoliths
Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1
Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 3
Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4
Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 5 Sheath Type 5
A B C
C
D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1
Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 3
Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4
Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 5 Sheath Type 5
A B C
C
D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1
Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 3
Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4
Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 5 Sheath Type 5
A B C
C
D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1
Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 3
Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4
Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 5 Sheath Type 5
A B C
C
D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 3 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 5 Sheath Type 5
Zizania Morphotype ICPN* Nomenclature % Morphotypea
Sheath Type 1 Bilobate with ampliate basal lobes 28.5
Sheath Type 2 Reniform rondel with basal sinus 5.3
Sheath Type 3 Polylobate with ampliate basal lobes 3.4
Sheath Type 4 Cross with 4-6 ampliate basal lobes 7.2
Sheath Type 5 Trapeziform with bilobate base 55.6 a n=207; *ICPN=International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature
Credit: Chad Yost
Zizania palustris (wild rice) Culm (stem) Phytoliths
Culm Type 1 Culm Type 1 Culm Type 2 Culm Type 2
Culm Type 3 Culm Type 4 Culm Type 5 Culm Type 6
Culm Type 7
A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
Culm Type 1 Culm Type 1 Culm Type 2 Culm Type 2
Culm Type 3 Culm Type 4 Culm Type 5 Culm Type 6
Culm Type 7
A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
Culm Type 1 Culm Type 1 Culm Type 2 Culm Type 2 Culm Type 3 Culm Type 4
Culm Type 1 Culm Type 1 Culm Type 2 Culm Type 2
Culm Type 3 Culm Type 4 Culm Type 5 Culm Type 6
Culm Type 7
A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
Culm Type 1 Culm Type 1 Culm Type 2 Culm Type 2
Culm Type 3 Culm Type 4 Culm Type 5 Culm Type 6
Culm Type 7
A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
Culm Type 5 Culm Type 6 Culm Type 7
Zizania Morphotype ICPN* Nomenclature % Morphotypea
Culm Type 1 Cross with ampliate basal lobes 36.3
Culm Type 2 Cross without ampliate basal lobes 12.6
Culm Type 3 Polylobates & bilobates 11.6
Culm Type 4 Reniform rondel with basal sinus 6.9
Culm Type 5 Trapeziform with 1-cleft base 26.1
Culm Type 6 Bilobate with cleft lobes 5.1
Culm Type 7 Polylobate with 6 ampliate basal lobes 1.4 a n=215; *ICPN=International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature
Credit: Chad Yost
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Zizania palustris (wild rice) Inflorescence Phytoliths
Rachis Type 1 Rachis Type 1
Rachis Type 1 Rachis Type 2
Zizania Inflorescence Morphotype ICPN* Nomenclature % Morphotype
Rachis Type 1 = Inflorescence Type 1a Reniform rondel with basal sinus 95.0
Rachis Type 2 = Inflorescence Type 3 Rondel w/opposing basal sinuses 5.0 (n=500)
Spikelet Type 1 = Inflorescence Type 1a Reniform rondel with basal sinus 60.0
Spikelet Type 2 = Inflorescence Type 2 Rondel with 2-3 basal clefts 30.0 (n=500)
*ICPN=International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature a Rachis Type 1 and Spikelet Type 1 are equivalent and reclassified here as Inflorescence Type 1
Spikelet Type 1 Spikelet Type 1 Spikelet Type 1
Spikelet Type 1 Spikelet Type 1 Spikelet Type 1
Spikelet Type 2
Dendriform
Credit: Chad Yost
Sheath Type 2Sheath Type 3
Sheath Type 4
Sheath Type 5
Culm Type 1
Culm Type 5
Culm Type 6
Culm Type 7
Inflorescence Type 1
Leaf Type 6Leaf Type 5
Leaf Type 4
Sheath Type 1
Leaf Type 2Leaf Type 3 Other (FL Type 5)
Inflorescence Type 3
Inflorescence
Type 2
Culm Type 3Culm Type 4
Culm Type 2
Leaf Type 1
Wild Rice Phytolith Morphotype Assemblage (Entire Plant)
29%
Floating Leaf Phytoliths: 0.8%
Culm Phytoliths: 25%
Inflorescence Phytoliths: 37%
Leaf Phytoliths: 9%
Sheath Phytoliths: 28%
Not locally diagnostic
Credit: Chad Yost
Spring
Summer
Late summer
Late fall/Winter
Wild Rice Phenology and Taphonomy
current current
core
core
core
%
Floating Leaf Types
Leaf, Sheath,
CulmTypes
Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1 Sheath Type 1
Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 2 Sheath Type 3
Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4
Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 4 Sheath Type 5 Sheath Type 5
A B C
C
D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
% % Inflorescence types
Credit: Chad Yost
Sedge (Cyperaceae):
1) Achene (seed/fruit)
Cyperaceae:
2) Rhizome (root)
Making sense of mixed assemblages
and interpreting the phytolith
record.
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Control for contamination from the field to the lab.
Usually only a small amount of sediment required
(1 cubic centimeter or ~1 gram) but this is variable!
Questions to consider:
What analysis (or analyses) are most appropriate given the
nature of the site and sampling contexts? Can multiple analyses be conducted on samples?
Can quantitative data be gathered through the addition of an exotic spike?
Were there adequate samples taken from contexts of interest? Are samples taken appropriate to answer research questions?
Preservational biases? Acidic/alkaline soils? Taphonomic considerations?
Diagnostic plant functional type phytoliths
C3 grass phytolith Xeric C4 grasses
Mesic C4 grasses
C3 grasses (cool, shade,
wet)
C3 grasses (cool, shade,
wet)
Credit: Chad Yost
Lake Ogechie:wild rice phytoliths first appear ~3500 BP
• Grass pollen diameter as a Zizania indicator? Possible but equivocal.
• Pollen and phytolith
records are complimentary
Credit: Chad Yost
A B C D
E F G H
Phragmites australis (Giant Reed)
I J K L
M N O P
Phalaris arundinacea (Reed Canary Grass)
Credit: Chad Yost
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A
A
B C D
E F G H
Calamagrostis sp. (Canada Bluejoint)
I J K L
M N O P
Glyceria sp. (Manna Grass)
Credit: Chad Yost
A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Muhlenbergia glomerata (Spike Muhly)
Credit: Chad Yost
A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Poa palustris (Waterfowl Meadow Grass)
Dulichium, Carex & Equisetum
Credit: Chad Yost
Inflorescence Type 1 Inflorescence Type 1 Inflorescence Type 2 Inflorescence Type 2
Inflorescence Type 3 Inflorescence Type 3 Inflorescence Type 4 Inflorescence Type 4
Culm Type 1 Culm Type 1 Culm Type 2 Culm Type 2
Culm Type 3 Culm Type 4 Culm Type 5 Culm Type 6
A B C
C D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Leersia oryzoides (Rice cut-grass)
Infl
ore
scen
ce
Culm
(st
em)
Credit: Chad Yost
Leersia oryzoides (Rice cut-grass)
Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 1 Leaf Type 2 Leaf Type 2
Leaf Type 3 Leaf Type 4 Leaf Type 5 Leaf Type 6
Leaf Type 7 Leaf Type 7 Leaf Type 8 Leaf Type 8
Leaf Type 8 Leaf Type 8 cuneiform bulliform tuberculate long cell
A B C
C
D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Leaf Phytoliths
Credit: Chad Yost
Series of keys designated by analyst
Ctrl keys are OUTSIDE of count, as are TRACERS
Old computer??? Put it to “good” use!
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Zea
Tower 1:1 Rondel
Tower 2:1
Tower 3:1
Blocky Artemesia-
type Trichome Globular w indents
Quercus branched
Dicot w/parallel
ridges
CYPERACEAE 0
Cereus CYPERACEAE ACHENE
PHYTO
Chloridoid
Rondel Δ Agropyron-
type
Rondel pyramidal Rondel
Rondel keeled
Rondel Phalaris-
type
Trapeziform sinuate
Oblong w/oblong
platform
Irreg. w/irreg.
platform
CYPERACEAE ROOT PHYTO
Chloridoid thin saddle
Phragmites-type saddle
Dicot knobby
Bilobate fat w/bilobate
platform
Cross Bilobate Polylobate
Elongate smooth
TR
Elongate castillate
Lowercase –KOUNTER
Elongate spiny
Straight Hair
Dicot angular
Bilobate fat
Square w/square
platform
Elongate Ridged
Bulliform Bulliform rectangular
Segmented Hair
Elongate sinuate
Epidermal wavy
Epidermal spiny
Epidermal polyhedral
Epidermal anticlinal
large
Oblong w/circular
platform
Dicot thin w/sharp
ridges
“add .5 to which” 0
CYPERACEAE
Chlor 1 2 sides
Rondel elongate
Rondel horned
Circular w/circ.
platform
Circular w/oblong
platform
Thin w/ridges
Crenate platform
Oblong long w/ob.
platform
Interstomatal cell PALMAE
Stipa-type bilobate
Circular w/saddle
platform
Parallelipiped BLOCKY LARGE
Cross w/angular X
platform
Commelina dianthifolia
Globular
Wavy top
Elongate castillate
Uppercase (shift) –KOUNTER
Elongate dendritic
Confier needle
stomata
Dicot w/wings Opuntia
Dicot long w/branched
end
Commelina erecta
Bulliform triangular
Conifer globular
Dicot wedge Elongate sinuate
Epidermal anticlinal
medium
Epidermal anticlinal
small
Charred Asteraceae
Tissue Frag.
“^E”
Wood phytolith
Helianthus
“no”
Spheraste Dendritic Dicot bulliform
Sponge spicule
Diatom round
Fiber Long diatom
Elongate castillate
Control key (ctrl)–KOUNTER
Volcanic
Parallelipid Opuntia Dicot long
w/branched
end
Centric Volcanic Volcanic Elongate sinuate
Meant for palynology, but hey, we’ll make it work …
A mess at first, but with enough modification…
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Freeware!
Using Plugins to automate gathering data, but only 2-D…
ASIG
Dr. Gilliane Monnier
Dr. Katherine Hayes
LacCore: National Lacustrine Core Facility
Chad Yost (Univ. of Arizona)
Dr. Mikhail Blinnikov (SCSU)
Evolutionary Anthropology Labs
◦ (Matt Edling and Keith Manthie)
Robert Thompson and Rob Lusteck
Anthropology Graduate Students