CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS FOR LIGHTWEIGHT ...speautomotive.com › wp-content › uploads › 2018 ›...
Transcript of CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS FOR LIGHTWEIGHT ...speautomotive.com › wp-content › uploads › 2018 ›...
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CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS FOR LIGHTWEIGHT SHEET MOLDING COMPOUNDS COMPOSITES
Amir Asadi, Ferdinand Baaij, Robert Moon and
Kyriaki Kalaitzidou
G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and
School of Materials Science and Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
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Motivation
Goal and Objectives
Background
Feasibility study of using basalt fibers
Light-weighting of sheet molding compounds
Conclusions
OUTLINE
2
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Reasons for Light-Weighting:
• Governamental regulations
• Societal/customer pressure
Better fuel economy
Less green house gas emissions
Better performance
LIGHT-WEIGHTING IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
3
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/07/29/president-obama-announces-new-fuel-economy-standards ; 07/28/2017.
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CREATE LIGHTWEIGHT SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND (SMC) COMPOSITES FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
1. Study feasibility of using basalt fibers as alternative for glass fibers
2. Reduce weight of SMC parts by introduction of cellulose nano-crystals
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
4
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SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND -APPLICATIONS
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SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND –PROCESS
6
Upper carrier
filmUpper doctor
box
Resin
Resin
Lower doctor
box
Lower carrier
film
Fiber rovings
Cutter
Compaction Zone SMC
collection winder
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SMC PRODUCTION LINE
7
Unique SMC line:
Similar to industrial SMC machines
Smaller width
(0.3 m vs. 0.9 - 1.5 m)
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SMC PROCESSING
8
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
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COMPRESSION MOLDING -CURING CYCLES
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0
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40
50
60
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110
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Time1.5h 1h 2h 24h
Curing Post-Curing
Heat-Up
Cool-Down
Demolding
10min
Pre-Conditioning
Temperature [°C]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Temperature [°C]
10min
1h 2h 15min
Curing(Vacuum)
Post-Curing
Heat-Up
Cool-Down
Demolding
Time
Fiber content < 40 %
1.5h pre-conditioning increase viscosity for handling
Pressure: 125 kPA
Fiber content > 40 %
no pre-conditioning keep viscosity low for good fiber impregnation
Pressure: up to 430 kPa
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• Extrusive volcanic rock
• Rapid cooling of basaltic lava
• Mixture of different silicates
• Most common rock type
• Superior hygrothermal and chemical stability
• Less energy-extensive manufacturing compared to GF
• No additives required
• High availability of basalt
Potential lower economical cost
Ecofriendly
WHAT IS BASALT?WHY USING BASALT FIBERS?
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BASALT FIBER VS. GLASS FIBER
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Basalt fiber Glass fiber
Density (g/cm3) 2.75* 2.54*
Filament diameter (μm) 10±1 10±1
Elastic modulus (GPa) 87±5* 75±5*
Tensile strength (MPa) 4500±400 4100±300
Price ($/lb) 1.4* 1-2*
* Data provided by suppliers
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CURING BEHAVIOR
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-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
He
at
Flo
w (
W/g
)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Temperature (°C)
BF-epoxy––––––– GF-epoxy–– –– –
Exo Up Universal V4.5A TA Instruments
Same curing behavior for BF/epoxy and GF/epoxy
Same curing cycles can be applied for both
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INTERFACIAL SHEAR STRENGTH (IFSS)
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BF/epoxy GF/epoxy
Average Fragment Length (μm)
729.7±62.4 758.0±98.9
Interfacial Shear Strength (MPa)
42.7±6.1 39.8±8.1
Measured distance
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• 25 wt% fiber content for both composite types
• Cut into test coupons for mechanical testing
SMC PLATES
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25BF/epoxy 25GF/epoxy
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
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0
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60
90
120
150
Strength(M
Pa)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Modulus(GPa)
25GF/epoxy 25BF/epoxy
Tensile propertiesASTM D638
Flexural propertiesASTM D790-02
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• Theoretical density: 𝜌𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 =1
𝑤𝑓/𝜌𝑓 + 𝑤𝑚/𝜌𝑚
• Experimental density (ASTM D-792): water displacement method
• Void content (ASTM D2734-16 ): 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 100 ×𝜌𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙−𝜌exp
𝜌𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
DENSITY AND VOID CONTENT
16
25BF/epoxy 25GF/epoxy
Fiber density (g/cm3) 2.75* 2.54*
Theoretical composite density (g/cm3)
1.35 1.31
Experimental composite density (g/cm3)
1.29±0.04 1.25±0.01
Void content (vol-%) 5±1 5±1
* Data provided by suppliers
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0
30
60
90
120
SpecificStrength
(MPa/g/cm^3)
0
2
4
6
8
SpecificModulus
(GPa/g/cm^3)
SPECIFIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES(DIVIDED BY DENSITY)
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25GF/epoxy 25BF/epoxy
Tensile properties Flexural properties
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FRACTURE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY
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25BF/epoxy 25GF/epoxy
100μm
100μm 100μm
100μm
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IMPACT STRENGTH
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CONCLUSIONS
20
BF-reinforced SMC composites do not show advantages in terms of lightweighting.
However, they are a potential cost-efficient and ecofriendly alternative to GF/epoxy composites.
0
30
60
90
120
SpecificStrength
(MPa/g/cm^3)
0
2
4
6
8
SpecificModulus
(GPa/g/cm^3)
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WHAT IS CELLULOSE?
21
Moon et al. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011; 40, 3941-3994.
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CELLULOSE NANO-CRYSTALS
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Length (nm) 138±22 *
Width (nm) 6.4±0.6 *
Density (g/cm3) 1.6 **
Tensile strength (GPa) 7.5 – 7.7 **
Elastic modulus in axial direction (GPa)
110 – 220 **
Elastic modulus in transverse direction (GPa)
10 – 50 **
* Girouard et al., Polymer 2015; 68: 111-121.** Moon et al. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011; 40: 3941-3994.
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LIGHT-WEIGHTING OF SMC COMPOSITES BY ADDING CELLULOSE NANO-CRYSTALS (CNC)
23
Introducing CNC to the matrix
Coating the fibers with CNC Increasing the
Interfacial Shear Strength between fiber surface and
matrix
Increasing the mechanical
properties of the matrix
Ability to reduce fiber content
( and weight) without
compromises in the properties
Or
Increased properties of the composite with no compromises
in the density
Light-weight SMC parts:
Lower density
Or
Smaller thickness
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Using the CNC-epoxy matrix, how much fibers can be reduced without compromising the specific properties compared to a composite with neat epoxy?
Micromechanical Model:
𝑬𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 =𝟑
𝟖𝑬𝟏𝟏 +
𝟓
𝟖𝑬𝟐𝟐
𝐸11 = 𝐸𝑚
1+2𝑙𝑓𝑑𝑓𝜂𝐿𝑣𝑓
(1−𝜂𝐿𝑣𝑓); 𝐸22 = 𝐸𝑚
1+2𝜂𝐿𝑣𝑓
(1−𝜂𝐿𝑣𝑓)
Predict fiber contents for CNC-epoxy composites with same specific modulus ascomposites with neat epoxy and a fiber content of 60% (maximum fiber content)
INTRODUCING CNC TO THE EPOXY MATRIX
24
ρ (g/cm3) E (GPa)
Neat epoxy 1.15 3.0±0.3
1.4CNC-epoxy 1.15 4.4±0.5
2CNC-epoxy 1.15 4.7±0.3
𝜂𝐿 =
𝐸𝑓𝐸𝑚
− 1
𝐸𝑓𝐸𝑚
+ 2𝑙𝑓𝑑𝑓
𝜂𝑇 =
𝐸𝑓𝐸𝑚
− 1
𝐸𝑓𝐸𝑚
+ 2
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0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Sp
ecif
ic Im
pa
ct
En
erg
y,
kJ
/m2(g
/cm
3)-1 (c) GF/epoxy
BF/epoxy
Fiber content (wt %)
50 60 65 70
0
4
8
12
16
0
50
100
150
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
0
1
2
Speicific tensile properties (g/cm3)-1
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fra
ctu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus (
GP
a)
Str
en
gth
(M
Pa)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(a)
Fiber content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
50 60 65 70
0
10
20
30
0
100
200
300
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
Tensile properties
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fractu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus
(G
Pa
)S
tre
ng
th (
MP
a)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(a)
Fiber content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
50 60 65 70
DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM FIBER CONTENT
25
0
10
20
30
0
100
200
300
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
Tensile properties
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fra
ctu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus (
GP
a)
Str
en
gth
(M
Pa)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(a)
Fiber content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
50 60 65 70
0
10
20
30
0
100
200
300
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
Tensile properties
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fractu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus
(G
Pa
)S
tre
ng
th (
MP
a)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(a)
Fiber content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
50 60 65 70
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
100
200
300
400
0
1
2
3
0
2
4
6
Flexural properties
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fractu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus (
GP
a)
Str
en
gth
(M
Pa)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(b)
Fiber content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
50 60 65 70
0
10
20
30
0
100
200
300
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
Tensile properties
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fractu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus
(G
Pa
)S
tre
ng
th (
MP
a)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(a)
Fiber content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
50 60 65 70
0
50
100
150
200
250
300(c) GF/epoxy
BF/epoxy
Fiber content (wt %)
Imp
act
En
erg
y (10
3J
/m2)
50 60 65 70
0
5
10
15
0
50
100
150
200
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
4
Speicific flexural properties (g/cm3)-1
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fractu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus (
GP
a)
Str
en
gth
(M
Pa)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(b)
Fiber content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
50 60 65 70
0
10
20
30
0
100
200
300
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
Tensile properties
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fractu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus
(G
Pa
)S
tre
ng
th (
MP
a)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(a)
Fiber content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
50 60 65 70
Almost no performance improvement above 60 wt% fiber content
Found 60 wt% as maximum fiber content with a good fiber wetting
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LIGHT-WEIGHT COMPOSITES WITH CNC
26
Etheor (GPa) ρ (g/cm3) Especific,theor
60GF/epoxy 14.38 1.71 8.40
48GF/0.9CNC-epoxy* 13.23 1.56 8.48
44GF/1.1CNC-epoxy** 12.73 1.51 8.41
60BF/epoxy 14.99 1.76 8.48
48BF/0.9CNC-epoxy* 13.41 1.58 8.47
44BF/1.1CNC-epoxy* 13.17 1.54 8.52
* 1.4 wt% CNC in the epoxy** 2 wt% CNC in the epoxy
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DENSITY AND VOID CONTENTS OF THE LIGHT-WEIGHT SMC COMPOSITES
27
ρc,theoretical
(g/cm3)ρexp,wd
(g/cm3)Fiber content
(acid digestion)ρexp,ad
(g/cm3)Void content
(%)
60GF/epoxy 1.71 1.67±0.06 0.69±0.08 1.85±0.07 9
60GF/0.6CNC-epoxy* 1.71 1.74±0.06 0.66±0.05 1.80±0.08 3
48GF/0.9CNC-epoxy* 1.56 1.51±0.03 0.56±0.05 1.66±0.06 9
44GF/1.1CNC-epoxy** 1.51 1.49±0.05 0.52±0.06 1.61±0.07 8
60BF/epoxy 1.77 1.75±0.07 0.72±0.03 1.97±0.07 12
60BF/0.6CNC-epoxy* 1.77 1.73±0.05 0.71±0.08 1.96±0.1 13
48BF/0.9CNC-epoxy* 1.59 1.48±0.05 0.55±0.05 1.69±0.07 14
44BF/1.1CNC-epoxy** 1.55 1.39±0.06 0.53±0.08 1.66±0.1 19
* 1.4 wt% CNC in the epoxy** 2 wt% CNC in the epoxy
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0
5
10
15
0
50
100
150
0.0
0.6
1.2
0
1
2
Speicific tensile properties (g/cm3)-1
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fra
ctu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus
(G
Pa
)S
tre
ng
th (
MP
a)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(a)
Fiber-CNC content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
60 60-0.6CNC 48-0.9CNC 44-1.1CNC
0
3
6
9
12
0
50
100
150
200
0.0
0.6
1.2
1.8
2.4
0
1
2
3
4
(b)
Speicific flexural properties (g/cm3)-1
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fra
ctu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus (
GP
a)
Str
en
gth
(M
Pa)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
Fiber-CNC content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
60 60-0.6CNC 48-0.9CNC 44-1.1CNC
SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF THE LIGHT-WEIGHTING COMPOSITES
28
0
5
10
15
0
50
100
150
0.0
0.6
1.2
0
1
2
Speicific tensile properties (g/cm3)-1
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fractu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus (
GP
a)
Str
en
gth
(M
Pa)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(a)
Fiber-CNC content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
60 60-0.6CNC 48-0.9CNC 44-1.1CNC
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
(c) GF/epoxy
BF/epoxy
Fiber-CNC content (wt %)
Sp
ecif
ic Im
pact
En
erg
y, kJ/m
2(g
/cm
3)-1
60 60-0.6CNC 48-0.9CNC 44-1.1CNC
0
5
10
15
0
50
100
150
0.0
0.6
1.2
0
1
2
Speicific tensile properties (g/cm3)-1
GF/epoxy BF/epoxy
W
ork
of
fra
ctu
re
(M
J/m
3)
Mo
du
lus
(G
Pa
)S
tre
ng
th (
MP
a)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak
(%
)
(a)
Fiber-CNC content (wt %)
CNC content (wt %)
60 60-0.6CNC 48-0.9CNC 44-1.1CNC
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170μm
FRACTURE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY –GF/EPOXY WITH AND WITHOUT CNC
29
110μm 110μm
170μm
GF60/epoxy 60GF/0.6CNC-epoxy
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BF60/epoxy 60BF/0.6CNC-epoxy 48BF/0.9CNC-epoxy
Contact Angles between Fiber and 2CNC-epoxy matrix:
GF have better fiber wetting with 2CNC-epoxy compared to BF, possibly leading to a better fiber-matrix adhesion.
170μm
FRACTURE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY –BF/EPOXY WITH AND WITHOUT CNC
30
170μm 170μm
Void
spots
BF GF
40.7 36.4
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Lightweighting Results
0
2
4
6
8
0
40
80
120
160
0.00
0.75
1.50
2.25
3.00
3.75
4.50
Mo
du
lus (
GP
a)
Tensile properties Flexural properties
25GF-C
NC0
35GF-C
NC0
25GF-C
NC1.
5
25GF-C
NC1
Str
en
gth
(M
Pa)
Str
ain
at
Bre
ak (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Imp
act
en
erg
y (10
3J
/m2)
25GF-C
NC0
25GF-C
NC1
25GF-C
NC1.
5
35GF-C
NC0
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CONCLUSIONS AND ASHBY PLOT
32
Presence of 1 wt% CNC increases mechanical performance of SMC with 44-48 wt% to the level of SMC with maximum fiber content 11% weight reduction
SMC with BF and CNC/epoxy matrix did not meet the properties of BF60/epoxy SMC composites due to high void content and lower wettability .
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
33
Dr. Robert Moon Dr. Amir Asadi
Ferdinand Baaij
VOLKSWAGEN Group of America