REVISED Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cellular Transport: Movement of substances into and out of the cell Must pass through the cell...
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Transcript of Cellular Transport: Movement of substances into and out of the cell Must pass through the cell...
![Page 1: Cellular Transport: Movement of substances into and out of the cell Must pass through the cell membrane The Adventures of Osmosis Jones…….. X.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649eaa5503460f94baff94/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cellular Transport:Movement of substances into and out of the cell Must pass through the
cell membrane
The Adventures of Osmosis Jones……..X
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All cells must exist in a liquid environment
Water
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Cellular transport is needed: 1.-because each cell needs specific items
Ex:-items needed by mitochondria to
produce energy for the cell-sugar molecules and oxygen
-items needed by the chloroplast to produce food in plants
-carbon dioxide and water2. - cell also needs to give off the waste it
produces. Carbon Dioxide and water
Oxygen and water
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Two types of cellular transports:1. Passive Transport:
Movement of items into and out of a cell but the cell does not have to use any of its own energy for it to happen.
2 Examples:-Diffusion-Osmosis
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2.Active Transport:Movement of items into and out of
a cell but the cell must use some of its own ATP energy in order for it to occur.
-These items are either very much needed, very dangerous or too big to fit through the pores of the cell membrane
3 Examples:-Membrane Associated
Pumps-Endocytosis-Exocytosis
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Cell membranes are semi-permeable-certain items can move in and out of the cell and others can not.
Items can move through the pores/openings.
Ex???food moleculesoxygencarbon dioxideamino acidswater
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Passive TransportMovement of substances into and out of the cell and the cell does not use any extra energy.
All molecules have motion:
Solids….molecules vibrateLiquid….have more energy so
they have a little moremotion
Gas…… molecules have a lot of energy so they have much motion
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It is the motion of the molecules that moves them through the membrane with passive transport.
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Two forms of Passive Transport:
1.Diffusion
2. Osmosis
Both move items into and out of cell with no extra energy required by the
cell.
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Diffusion-Form of passive transport.-Movement of any substance from a high concentration into a lower concentration.
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-Diffusion requires no extra energy.-Items move from a high concentration to a low concentration due to the motion of the molecules.
-When molecules move from a high concentration into a lower concentration we say the item is moving down the concentration gradient.
High
Low
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If diffusion is the movement of any substance from a high concentration into a lower
concentration then when will diffusion stop?
When the concentration is equal on both sides…..no high or low remains.
This is called a Dynamic Equilibrium
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Example of diffusion in our body:
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Simple Diffusion
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The rate of diffusion can be increased by:
1. Increase in temperature2. Increase in surface area3. Stirring or shaking
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Osmosis:-Form of passive transport
Therefore requires no extra energy by the cell
-Osmosis is the diffusion of water-Therefore the water must move from a high to a low concentration
-The diffusion of water is given its own name, osmosis, because water is such an important substance for all living organism.
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When will osmosis stop?
When there is an equal amount of water on both sides of the membrane. This is called an osmotic balance.
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The direction of osmosis is controlled by the concentration of the solution located inside and outside the cell.
H
HL
L
Remember substances like water move from a high concentration to a
low concentration.
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Three types of solutions/environments for a cell:
1. Hypotonic solution:Hypo =
low
A solution where the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration of solute molecules inside the cell.
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Hypotonic Environment:98% water2% solute
96% water4% solute
Water enters the cell.
Turgor pressure increases.
Cell swells in size.
This is called cytolysis.
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2. Isotonic solution:Iso =
equal
A solution where the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solute molecules inside the cell.
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Isotonic Environment:
96% water4% solute
96% water4% solute
Water enters and leaves the cell at an equal rate.
Turgor pressure remains constant.
Cell remains the same in size.
This is called homeostasis or osmotic balance.
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3. Hypertonic solution:Hyper =
high
A solution where the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration of solute molecules inside the cell.
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96% water4% solute
Hypertonic Environment:94% water6% solute
Water leaves the cell.
Turgor pressure decreases.
Cell decreases in size.
This is called plasmolysis.
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Elodea
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Elodea cell in a fresh water environment
1% Saline
1% solute dissolvedIn 99% water.
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Elodea in a 6% Saline Solution
6% salt dissolvedIn 94% water
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WHY DID THIS HAPPEN??????????????
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Active Transport-movement across the membrane BUT the cell must expend energy in order for it to occur.
Examples:Membrane Associated Pumps - MAPsEndocytosisExocytosis
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MAPs ~ Membrane Associated Pumps
-energy driven protein motors that move specific types of solutes across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient.
-from a low into a high concentrationHigh
Low
-in order for the cell to expend energy to move items across there must be a “real” need. Items must be really, really needed or really, really toxic to the cell.
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Two types of MAPs:
1. Calcium Pump2. Sodium-Potassium Pumps
The cell is only willing to pump these three items across the membrane.
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Bones and teeth require a lot of calcium to remain strong. Therefore they must “hoard” large amounts of calcium. Calcium must move from a low concentration in our blood into a high concentration in the cells of both the teeth and the bones.
H
HL
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Muscles require a lot of potassium and create a lot of sodium as a waste. Therefore they must “hoard” large amounts of potassium and get rid of the sodium. Both of these substances must move from a low concentration into a higher concentration.
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Membrane Associated Pumps
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EndocytosisEndo =
INCyto =
CELL
Cell membrane surrounds and engulfs items taking them into the cell.
Hyperlink
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Two types of endocystosis:1. Phagocytosis:
-Cell surrounds and engulfs solid items taking them into the cell.
Examples:Amoeba:
White Blood Cells
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2. Pinocytosis:
-Cell surrounds and engulfs substances dissolved in water, taking them into the cell.
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Endocytosis
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Exocytosis:Exo =
OUTCyto=
CELL
-Cell membrane opens up and forces items out of the cell.
Example:Contractile VacuolesAnal pores
Hyperlink
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Types of Exocytosis:1. Excretion:
-waste is forced out of the cell
-mucus, sweat, tears…..
2. Secretion:-items made by the cell and needed in other places are forced out of the cell.
-hormones, digestive enzymes, saliva
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Exocytosis
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ScenarioIf a bone cell is surrounded by 100 units
of calcium and it has 50 units already stored in it what will occur?
50 units of Ca+
100 units of Ca+
25 units move in by diffusion
/75
75
/
Finally, as many as possible of the 75 units of Ca+ will move in due to MAPs