Cellular Respiration. (O 2 )energy organic molecules (glucose) energy (ATP), CO 2 water (H 2 O).An...
-
Upload
joy-fields -
Category
Documents
-
view
234 -
download
3
Transcript of Cellular Respiration. (O 2 )energy organic molecules (glucose) energy (ATP), CO 2 water (H 2 O).An...
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
• An oxygen(O(O22)) requiring process that uses energyenergy extracted from organic molecules (glucose)organic molecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP), COenergy (ATP), CO22 and water (Hwater (H22O).O).
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucoseglucose 36 ATP
Question:Question:
• In what kinds organisms does cellular In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place?respiration take place?
Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals
• Plants - AutotrophsPlants - Autotrophs: self-producers.• Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.
MitochondriaMitochondria
• OrganelleOrganelle where cellular respirationcellular respiration takes place.
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
MatrixCristae
Breakdown of Cellular RespirationBreakdown of Cellular Respiration
• 3 main parts (reactions).3 main parts (reactions).
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria.
Breakdown of Cellular RespirationBreakdown of Cellular Respiration
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
* occurs in mitochondrial matrix
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) * inner mitochondrial membrane.
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
• Occurs in the cytosol just outside of mitochondria.
• Two phases (10 steps):Two phases (10 steps):
A. Energy investment phase (2 ATP to start)A. Energy investment phase (2 ATP to start)
B. Energy yielding phaseB. Energy yielding phase
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
A. Energy Investment Phase:A. Energy Investment Phase:
Glucose (6C)
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)
2 ATP - used0 ATP - produced0 NADH - produced
2ATP
2ADP + P
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
B. Energy Yielding PhaseB. Energy Yielding Phase
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)
Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR)
0 ATP - used4 ATP - produced2 NADH - produced
4ATP
4ADP + P
Fermentation Fermentation
• Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen”“NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic).(called anaerobic).
• Remember: glycolysisglycolysis is part of fermentationfermentation.
• Two Types:Two Types:
1.1. Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
• Plants and FungiPlants and Fungi beer and winebeer and wine
glucose
Glycolysis
CCCCCC
CCC
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CC
2 Ethanol2 Ethanol2CO2CO22
releasedreleased
2NADH 2 NAD+
Makes bread rise!
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
• End Products: Alcohol fermentationEnd Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
• Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).
2 Lactic2 Lactic acidacid
2NADH 2 NAD+
CCC
Glucose
GlycolysisCCC
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CCCCCC
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
• End Products: Lactic acid fermentationEnd Products: Lactic acid fermentation
2 - ATP
2 - Lactic Acids (causes muscle fatigue)
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
• Location:Location: mitochondrial matrix.
• It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to convert glucose molecule.
MitochondrialMatrix
Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) occurs in the mitochondria
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
KrebsCycle
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
3 NAD+
3 NADH3 NADHFAD
FADHFADH22
ATPATP ADP + P
(one turn)(one turn)
OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)
2 CO2
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
KrebsCycle
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
6 NAD+
6 NADH6 NADH2 FAD
2 FADH2 FADH22
2 ATP2 ATP 2 ADP + P
(two turns)(two turns)
OAA (4C)Citrate (6C)
4 CO2
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
• Total net yield (2 turns2 turns of krebs cycle)
1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2. H+ Carrier 6 – NADH
3. H+ Carrier 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2
Summary: Some CO2, Lots of energy carriers, some ATP
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Oxidative Phosphorylation (ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
• Location:Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.
• ETC pumps H+ (protons) across inner membrane (lowers pH in inner membrane space).
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)))
• The H+ then move via diffusiondiffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP.
• Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.
• Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
MatrixCristae
The ETC produces most of the ATP during aerobic respiration
3. 3. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation ((Chemiosmosis for Chemiosmosis for NADHNADH))
NADH+ H+
ATPSynthase
1H+ 2H+ 3H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP + ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
NAD+
2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O
Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space
MatrixMatrix
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
3. 3. ETC ETC and and Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for (Chemiosmosis for FADH2)
FADH2
+ H+
ATPSynthase
1H+ 2H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP + ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
FAD+2H+ +
1/2O2
H2O
Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space
MatrixMatrix
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
TOTAL ATP YIELDTOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 02 ATP - Glycolysis
2. 34 ATP – Kreb’s Cycle & ETC
36 ATP - TOTAL YIELD
ATPATP
Eukaryotes(Have Membranes)
• Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL
Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes)
36 ATP (maximum per glucose)
Glucose
Glycolysis
2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP
2 ATP(substrate-levelphosphorylation)
2NADH
2NADH
6NADH
KrebsCycle
2FADH2
2 ATP(substrate-levelphosphorylation)
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetyl CoA
ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Cytosol
Mitochondria
Question:Question:
• In addition to glucose, what other various In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are used in Cellular food molecules are used in Cellular Respiration?Respiration?
Catabolism of VariousCatabolism of VariousFood MoleculesFood Molecules
• Other organic molecules used for fuel.
1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids