Balance Redox Rxns: Fe(OH) 3 + [Cr(OH) 4 ] -1 Fe(OH) 2 + CrO 4 -2.
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Transcript of Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energyshaunab.info/AP Biology/Unit 3/Lectures/Chapter...
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AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy
ATP
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AP Biology
What’s the point?
The point is to make
ATP!
ATP
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AP Biology
Chemical Energy: Food is to a cell (plant or animal), what gas is to a car.
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AP Biology
Which Smiley Face has the most potential energy? Kinetic energy?
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AP Biology
An overview of Cellular Respiration
2 ATP
34 ATP
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AP Biology
B. Aerobically; efficient. Occurs in the mitochondria. ( used in Kreb’s & ETC)
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AP Biology
Aerobic or anaerobic pathways? How do you know?
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Where in a chemical bond is the potential energy? A) protons
B) neutrons C) electrons
*most biological redox rxns. have to do w/ the loss or gain of Hydrogen atoms and their electrons (e-); Potential Energy! *redox rxns. are always coupled; that is, when one molecule is oxidized, the other is reduced. “hand & glove”
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AP Biology
*Liberated H atoms are transferred to other molecules by coenzymes " electron shuttle busses" 2 coenzymes commonly used by the cell: * NAD+ … derived from vitamin B niacin * FAD2+ ....derived from B2 riboflavin
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AP Biology
H atom from chemical bonds. Have much Potential energy to
do WORK!
Oxidation - Reduction Rxn.
Remember:
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AP Biology
Redox Football
Electron (H atom)
Which molecule is oxidized? Which is Reduced?
Where does the potential energy carried by NADH end up?
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AP Biology
Where does the potential energy carried by NADH end up?
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AP Biology
Energy Extraction Pathways
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AP Biology
Coenzymes (vitamins) - are electron shuttle busses -
they lose & gain H(e-) atoms which are stripped from bonds of food molecules.
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Conversions of the Metabolic Pathways- all foods have the
same fate…. The metabolic Mill!
proteins carbos fats
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AP Biology
Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules → food digest organic molecules to get…
raw materials for synthesis fuels for energy
controlled release of energy “burning” fuels in a series of
step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions
Harvesting stored energy:
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Glucose is the model catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
fuel (carbohydrates)
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2 → + + +
glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbon dioxide
resp
iratio
n
+ heat
CO2 + H2O + heat
RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps
CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)
ATP glucose
O2
O2
enzymes ATP
Harvesting stored energy:
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AP Biology
How do we harvest energy from fuels? Digest large molecules into smaller ones
break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another as electrons move they “carry energy” with them that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP
e-
+ + e-
+ – loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
redox
e-
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AP Biology
How do we move electrons in biology? Moving electrons in living systems
electrons cannot move alone in cells electrons move as part of H atom move H = move electrons
p e
+
H
+ H
+ – loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
oxidation reduction
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP → + + + oxidation
reduction H e-
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AP Biology
Coupling oxidation & reduction: REDOX reactions in respiration
release energy as breakdown organic molecules break C-C bonds strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms
C6H12O6 → CO2 = the fuel has been oxidized electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms
in biology, the most electronegative atom? O2 → H2O = oxygen has been reduced
couple REDOX reactions & use the released energy to synthesize ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP → + + + oxidation
reduction
O2
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AP Biology
Oxidation & reduction: Oxidation
adding O removing H loss of electrons releases energy exergonic
Reduction removing O adding H gain of electrons stores energy endergonic
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP → + + + oxidation
reduction
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AP Biology
Moving electrons in respiration: Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms around NAD+ → NADH (reduced) FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)
reducing power!
+ H reduction
oxidation
P O–
O–
O –O
P O–
O–
O –O
C C
O
NH2 N+
H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+ nicotinamide Vitamin B3 niacin
P O–
O–
O –O
P O–
O–
O –O
C C
O
NH2 N+
H NADH
carries electrons as a reduced molecule
H
like $$ in the bank
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AP Biology
NAD+ as an electron shuttle bus: NAD+
2 e− + 2 H+
2[H] (from food)
Nicotinamide (oxidized form)
Reduction of NAD+
2 e− + H+
NADH
Nicotinamide (reduced form)
Oxidation of NADH H+
H+
Dehydrogenase
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+
ATP
To mitochondrial
membranes (Proton Motive
Force)
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AP Biology
Electron carriers move electrons by shuttling H atoms around NAD+ → NADH (reduced); Count the e- + proton(H+) = 1 H atom
✔
✔
✔
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AP Biology
Overview of cellular respiration: 4 metabolic stages
Anaerobic respiration 1. Glycolysis
respiration without O2 in cytosol
Aerobic respiration respiration using O2
in mitochondria 2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. Krebs cycle 4. Oxidative phosphorylation & ETC
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2 → + + + (+ heat)
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
~90% of ATP
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AP Biology
An overview of cellular respiration:
Electrons via NADH
Electrons via NADH and FADH2
ATP ATP ATP
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative (Powered by redox)
GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE OXIDATION CITRIC
ACID CYCLE
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
(Electron transport and chemiosmosis)
Acetyl CoA Glucose Pyruvate
Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration!
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AP Biology
A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation.
Enzyme Enzyme
Substrate
Product
ATP
ADP
P
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
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AP Biology
Example: Substrate-level phosphorylation during Glycolysis
GLYCOLYSIS: Energy Payoff Phase
Glycer- aldehyde
3-phosphate (G3P)
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
6 1,3-Bisphospho- glycerate
3-Phospho- glycerate
2-Phospho- glycerate
Phosphoenol- pyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate
Phospho- glycerokinase
Phospho- glyceromutase
Enolase Pyruvate kinase
2 NAD+
7 8 9 10
2 NADH + 2 H+
2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 H2O ATP ATP ADP ADP
Which step #(s) is ATP made by Substrate-level phosphorylation?
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AP Biology
What’s the point?
The point is to make
ATP!
ATP
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AP Biology
ATP synthase enzyme H+ flows through it
conformational changes
bond Pi to ADP to make ATP
set up a H+ gradient allow the H+ to flow
down concentration gradient through ATP synthase
ADP + Pi → ATP H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+
ATP ADP P +
But… How is the proton (H+) gradient formed?
And how do we do that?
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AP Biology 2006-2007 H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+
ATP
Got to wait until the sequel!
Got the Energy? Ask Questions!
ADP P +