Cellular Reproduction. Cell Reproduction What is cell reproduction? How many cells make up your...
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Transcript of Cellular Reproduction. Cell Reproduction What is cell reproduction? How many cells make up your...
![Page 1: Cellular Reproduction. Cell Reproduction What is cell reproduction? How many cells make up your body? How does the chromosome transmit information from.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697bff51a28abf838cbda9b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cellular Reproduction
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Cell Reproduction
• What is cell reproduction?
• How many cells make up your body?
• How does the chromosome transmit information from one generation to another?
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• DNA is a molecule that contains the genetic code of an organism.
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• A GENE is a segment of DNA that transmits information from parent to offspring. A single molecule of DNA has thousands of genes lines up end to end.
• Like the strands of a sock…DNA coils tightly before cell division. If it were straight the DNA would be approximately 5 cm long. (2 inches)
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Gene
• When the cell is going to divide the DNA coils up into a dense chromosome structure.
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Chromosome
• Cellular structure on which genes are located.
• Pg. 212
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• Chromosomes are 40% DNA and 60% protein that supports the DNA (histones).
• Scientists have mapped the 100,000 genes that make up the chromosomes of humans.
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A set of chromosomes from a female
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Chromosome structure
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• Chromatids are the two copies of each chromosome.
• Centromeres are protein disks that attach the two chromatids.
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• A karyotype is the collection of chromosomes found in an organisms cells. Arranged in order of size and shape.
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Karyotype Cont.
• It is a display of chromosomes of a single cell. To obtain it, the cell is stained, then a picture is taken of it through a microscope just before cell division, when the chromosomes are easiest to see.
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• Somatic cells contain 23 different chromosomes, but contain two copies of each, a total of 46 chromosomes. All the cells in our body All the cells in our body other than gametesother than gametes
• Homologous chromosomes are the two copies of each chromosome type (for example chromosomes 13 are homologous because they are the same type.
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Homologous Chromosomes & Somatic Cells
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Homologous Chromosomes
• Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and the genes they carry.
They do NOT have the same types of DNA sequence!
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Allele
An alternate form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.
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• A homologue is a half set of chromosomes. One chromosome of a pair.
• Diploid cells contain two homologues. The symbol for diploid is 2n. All somatic cells are diploid. It contains exactly two copies of each chromosome.
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• Haploid cells contain only one homologue; if it contains exactly half of a species’ typical full set of genetic material . Only sex cells are haploid (n).
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• Gametes are sex cells and are haploid. An organism’s reproductive cells, such as An organism’s reproductive cells, such as sperm or egg cellssperm or egg cells
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Draw the following table
symbol Cells # of homologues
Diploid 2n Somatic 2 (46 chromosomes)
23 pairs
haploid n gametes 1 (23 chromosomes)
23 individual
chromosomes
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A zygote is the fusion of a haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell. A fertilized egg cell, A fertilized egg cell, the first cell of a new individual.the first cell of a new individual.
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Chromosome numbers of various organisms
Organism Number of Chromosomes
Penicillium 1-4
Saccharomyces (yeast) 18
Mosquito 6
Housefly 12
Garden Pea 14
Corn 20
Adder’s tongue fern 1,262
Frog 26
Human 46
Orangutan 48
Dog 78
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Adders Tongue Fern
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Each Chromosome is important to the development of a normal organism.
Monosomy is a condition in which a diploid cell is missing a chromosome. Most embryos will not survive if missing a chromosome.
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Down Syndrome:
Jared has a condition in which his 21st chromosome number is three instead of two.(trisomy 21 or down syndrome). Pg 335
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In Amniocentesis Amniotic fluid is tested for chromosome problems.
The normal frequency of down syndrome is 1 in 1500. For couples who are older than 30 it is 1 in 1000. In couples 35-40 it is 1 in 750. In couples older than 45 the risk is 1 in 16.
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Alterations in chromosomes usually lead to mutations. There are four types of alterations.
Mutations: alterations in chromosomes.
PG. 306
• Deletion is a process in which a chromosome is damaged as fragments break off the chromosome and are lost.
• Duplication occurs as fragments attach to the homologous chromosomes.
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• Inversion happens when fragments of the original chromosome attach in reverse order.
• Translocation occurs when a fragment may join a non-homologous chromosome.
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Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human somatic cells, 22 pairs are the same. These chromosomes are called autosomes-not directly involved in determining not directly involved in determining the sex.the sex.
The Sex Chromosomes, X,Y, determine the sex of the organism. These chromosomes are called sex chromosomes.
A combination of XX is a female.
A combination of XY is a male
Because an egg cell carries only the X chromosome and the sperm cell carries either X or Y the sex of an offspring is determined by the male sex cells.
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Meiosis• A form of cell division that halves
the number of chromosomes when forming specialized reproductive cells, such as gametes or spores.
• Results in four haploid cells
pg. 273
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Lab Partner Questions:
• Can meiosis be asexual?
• What phase is responsible for the law of independent assortment?
• When will crossing over occur?
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Crossing Over
• The exchange of reciprocal segments of DNA by chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis
pg. 277
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The separation of genes during crossing over occurs more frequently between genes that are far apart on a chromosome than for genes that are close together.
When these chromosomes segregate in meiosis, they form gametes that have completely new combinations of alleles.
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Reviewing Information
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Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring. (happens in prokaryotic cells such as bacteria)
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When Eukaryotic cells split the internal organelle must also divide and the process is much more complex. This process is known as the cell cycle.
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Cell Cycle is a diagram of the growth and division of a cell.