Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Part8
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Transcript of Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Part8
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Cellular NetworkPlanning andOptimization
Part VIII:WCDMAlink budgetJyriHmlinen,
Communications andNetworking Department,TKK,15.2.2008
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WCDMANetwork planning
High level objectives fortheplanning process
Coverage Guaranteethenetworkabilitytoensuretheavailabilityoftheservicein
theentireservicearea.
Capacity Tosupportthesubscribertrafficwithsufficientlylowblocking anddelay
Quality LinkingthecapacityandthecoverageandstillprovidetherequiredQoS.
Costs Toenableaneconomicalnetworkimplementationwhentheserviceis
establishedandacontrolled networkexpansionduringthelifecycleof
thenetwork.
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WCDMAvs GSM,Network planning
Multiserviceenvironment
Bitratesusuallyfrom8to384kbit/s
Bitrateswitching
Multi-RABs
Trafficclasses
Errorrates,10%FERto10-6 BER
Delaysensitivity,from100msuptoseconds
AsymmetricULandDLtraffic
Commonchanneldatatraffic
Airinterface
Capacityandcoveragecoupled
together Neighboringcellscoupledvia
interference
Receiverperformancedependson
bitrate,environment
Softhandover&FastPowerControl
Commonsharedresources
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WCDMANetwork planning
CoveragePlanningandSiteSelection
ParameterPlanning
Propagationmeasurements
Coverageprediction
SiteacquisitionCoverage
optimisation
ExternalInterferenceAnalysis
NetworkConfigurationandDimensioning
DEFINITION PLANNINGandIMPLEMENTATION
TrafficdistributionServicedistributionAllowedblocking/queuingSystemfeatures
IdentificationAdaptation
Area/Cellspecific
Handoverstrategies
Maximumnetworkloading
OtherRRM
NetworkOptimisation
O&M
Surveymeasurements
Statisticalperformanceanalysis
QualityEfficiencyAvailability
CapacityRequirements
Requirementsandstrategyforcoverage,qualityandcapacity,perservice
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CoveragePlanningandSiteSelection
ParameterPlanning
Propagation
measurementsCoverageprediction
Siteacquisition
Coverageoptimisation
Exte
Ana
NetworkConfigurationandDimensioning
DEFINITION PLEMENTATION
Trafficdistribution
ServicedistributionAllowedblocking/queuing
Systemfeatures
IdentificationAdaptation
Area/Cellspecific
Handoverstrategies
Maximumnetworkloading
OtherRRM
NetworkOptimisation
O&M
Surveymeasurements
Statisticalperformanceanalysis
QualityEfficiencyAvailability
CapacityRequirements
Requirements
andstrategyforcoverage,qualityandcapacity,
perservice
Multipleservices
Coverageandcapacitycoupling
Multipleservices
WCDMANetwork planning
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ction
ParameterPlanning
Propagation
measurementsCoverageprediction
Siteacquisition ExternalInterference
Analysis
NetworkConfiguratiandDimensioning
DEFINITIO ION
TrafficdistributionServicedistributionAllowedblocking/queuing
Systemfeatures
IdentificationAdaptation
Area/Cellspecific
Handoverstrategies
Maximumnetworkloading
OtherRRM
NetworkOptimisation
O&M
Surveymeasurements
Statisticalperformanceanalysis
QualityEfficiencyAvailability
Capacitrements
Requirements
andstrategyforcoverage,
ality andpacity,r
service
ExperienceonserviceusagefromGSM,with
GPRSandEDGEGSM1800propagationmeasurements
GSMco-siting
GSMfor
coverageextension
WCDMANetwork planning
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Recall:RABconcept
TE MT UTRAN CNIuEDGE
NODE
CN
Gateway
TE
UMTS
End-to-EndService
TE/MTLocal
BearerService
UMTSBearerService ExternalBearer
Service
UMTSBearerService
RadioAccessBearerService CNBearerService
Backbone
BearerService
IuBearer
Service
RadioBearer
Service
UTRAFDD/TDD
Service
Physical
BearerService
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Recall:Servicetypes
Typical services associated with theRABs ConversationalSpeech:AdaptiveMultiRate(AMR)
speech ConversationalCSdata: VideoTelephony Streaming:Video,audio streaming Interactivedata:Corporate access,webbrowsing,
WAPetc Background data:E-mails,internetaccess,
downloads Multi-RAB:e.g.speech +e-mail,speech +internet
access,etc
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Whats usually available
Typical first releases
ofR99WCDMAConversational Speech
Multi-RAB
Speech
Conversational CSData
Interactive
4,75-12,2kbpsAMRCS
64kbpsCS
Streaming
57.6kbps CS
64/64kbps PS
64/128kbps PS
64/256kbps PS
PS64/64->128/384kbps
Typical 2004/5releases
ofWCDMA(R4)
Combinations ofAMR
speech andup to64/384kbps
PSInteractive
Multi-RABCombinations ofCS
conversational
dataandup to64/384kbps
PSInteractive/Multiple PS
Interactive
Conversational PSData 64->128kbps PS(R5)HS-DSCH(HSDPA) 1.8->3.6Mbps(R5,1H2006)
E-DCH(HSUPA)0.7->1,5Mbps(R6)
ConversationalCSData
ConversationalSpeech
Streaming
Interactive
Multi-RAB
ConversationalCSData
ConversationalSpeech
Streaming
Interactive
Multi-RAB
12.2kbpsCircuitSwitched
64kbpsCircuitSwitched
57.6kbpsCircuitSwitched
VariableratePacketSwitchedUL/DL64/64,64/128,64/384
CombinationofConversationalSpeechandInteractive64/64
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Traffic types
RTguaranteed bit-rate &delay traffic isthemostdemanding type oftraffic forcell design(especially highbit-rate) Conversational class circuit switched voice (not demanding due to
slow bit-rate) Conversational class circuit switched videotelephony (more
demanding formaintain QoS than tothecell design,CSbearer notutilising capacity optimally)
Streaming class circuit andpacket switched data(very demanding,especially high-bit rate packet switched)
NRTIntercative/Background traffic isless demandingtype oftraffic forcell designdue tobursty andnon-guaranteed nature
So far inlive3Gnetworks,theamount ofvideotelephony andstreaming packet switched dataisminimal compared toIntercative/Background traffic andvoice
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Traffic dimensioning When predicting thetraffic for
3Gplan,issues should beconsidered as
Terminalpenetration (2G/3G)
Operator market share
Subscriber prediction
Amount ofroamers
User profiles
Serviceusage perprofile
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Highuptakescenario
3.G2.5G
2G
2004 2005 20062007
20082009
010
20304050
607080
90100110120
130140150
160170180190
200
Totaltrafficin
MBperm
onth
Years
Trafficgrowthpermonthavg.user
Datausage
Voice
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Traffic dimensioning DuetoCDMA-characteristicsand
multi-servicenatureofWCDMA,withoutaccuratetrafficmodelingandpredictionsthecapacityandcoverage
ofthenetworkisdifficulttoplan. Themodelingcanbebasedonthe
knowledgeofGSM/GPRSandinternetusagepatternsaswellason
assumptionsofserviceusage
Predictingtheamountofusageandusagelocationsisofhighimportance,
becauseofthefluctuatingnatureofthetraffic>simulationswithvarioustrafficscenariosneeded.
Userscenarios/profilesshouldbecreatedtogetherwithbusinessplanningandshouldsupporttheselectedstrategyinthedimensioning
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Traffic dimensioning example forinteractive class
Amountofactiveusers
Numberof
subscribers
Amountofwebpagestobe
downloadedpersubscriber
Payload
Sessionefficiency,incl overheadand
retransmissions
MaximumRABbitrate
Offeredtraffic
sessionpeak
bps
sessionpeak
pagessubs
RA
RYnnM
=
3600
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Traffic dimensioning inplanning tools
Typical traffic dimensioning ina3Gplanning tool
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Traffic dimensioning inplanning tools
InPSconnectionsassociated parametersneed tobe decided perservice.Example:
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WCDMANetwork dimensioning
Asmost UMTSnetworks are built ontopofexisting GSMnetworks,the
process isfocused toestimate what level ofcoverage/capacity can be
achievied with re-use ofGSMgrid
Typically initial dimensioning produces therough esitimation on
needed equipment amount &configuration foraservice area
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Eb/NoNodeB
TX-power
Losses(cable,feeders
etc.)
NodeBantenna
gain
Pathloss SoftHand-overgain
Terminalantenna
gain
Terminallosses
(e.g.bodyloss)
Ec/IoInterferencemargin
Dependsone.g.amountofusersand
distribution
Processinggain
Dependsonusedservicei.etheRAB(radioaccessbearer)
WCDMALink Budget
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WCDMALink Budget
Due todifference inEb/Norequirement,processing gain andreceiver sensitivity foreach user,thecalculated pathloss (andcell size)isdifferent foreach user.
InWCDMAtheNode BandUEalso need touse more power
forthedemanding users,especially if connecting from adistance (large pathloss)
AMRvoice
384kbps
Asarule ofthumb
coverage for128kbpsNRTPSservice innormalloading conditions equalsGSM1800voice coverage for384kbps
NRTPSservice innormalloading conditions is~10dBworse than AMR12.2voice
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Link budget,12.2kbps speech12.2kbpsvoice,DL 12.2kbpsvoice,UL
Targetload 0.75 0.5
Transmittercharacteristics Totaltransmitterpower 20 W 0.125 W
TransmitterpoweronTCH 0.348718 W 0.125 W
25.42474 dBm 20.9691 dBm
TXantennagain 17.42531 dBi 0 dBi
TXcableloss 2 dB 0 dBTXBodyloss 0 dB 2 dB
TransmitterEIRP 40.85005 dBm 18.9691 dBm
Receivercharacteristics RXantennagain 0 dBi 17.42531 dBi
andmargins Thermalnoisedensity -174 dBm/Hz -174 dBm/Hz
Receivernoisefigure 8 dB 5 dB
Receivernoisedensity -166 dB -169 dBReceivernoisepower -100.157 dBm -103.157 dBm
Spreadinggain 24.97971 dB 24.97971 dB
RequiredEb/No 7 dB 5 dB
Interferencemargin 6.0206 dB 3.0103 dB
Requiredsignalpower -112.116 dBm -120.126 dBm
RXCableloss 0 dB 2 dB
RXBodyloss 2 dB 0 dBDiversitygain 0 dB 3 dB
Fastfadingmargin 0 dB 3 dB
Softhandovergain 1 dB 2 dB
Coverageprobability(celledge) 0.9 0.9
Shadowfadingstddeviation 6 dB 6 dB
ShadowFadingMargin 7.5 dB 7.5 dB
Indoorpenetrationloss 0 dB 0 dBAllowedpropagationloss 146.4659 dB 149.0205 dB
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Linkbudget,TXcharacteristics
12.2kbpsvoice,DL 12.2kbpsvoice,UL
Targetload 0.75 0.5
Transmittercharacteristics Totaltransmitterpower 20 W 0.125 W
TransmitterpoweronTCH 0.348718 W 0.125 W
25.42474 dBm 20.9691 dBm
TXantennagain 17.42531 dBi 0 dBiTXcableloss 2 dB 0 dB
TXBodyloss 0 dB 2 dB
TransmitterEIRP 40.85005 dBm 18.9691 dBm
Network load assumption fordimensionning (targetloading) Thetarget load level ofthenetwork should be based onasaccurate predictions ofservice&traffic mixdistribution andgrowth aspossible
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Targetload
Target load%
Urban macro cells 50-60% (demanding traffic &user profiles,buildings restrict cell dominance,shadowing)
Urban micro cells 70% (small cells,traffic hotspots andindoor) Rural 30-40% (coverage important,lower traffic,different user
profiles)
Not higher than 75% (ULhard tomanage,interference explodes)
Too high initial target can result intoo dense network (expensive)if
thetraffic or use ofresources isestimated wrongly.Network canalso be hard tomanage interms ofcell overlapping celldominance tobe guaranteed.
Too low initial target can result tocoverage holes andcapacityproblems,if thetraffic proves tobe higher than predicted orresources are utilised differently.
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TXpowerinBS
Recallthecontroloverhead
ThemaximumnumberofusersforacertainservicecanbecomputedusingDLloadequations(tobeexplained
later) ItisimportanttonoticethatbydecreasingtheDLload
targettheTCHpowercanbeincreasedandcellcoverageincreased.
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RXcharacteristicsReceivercharacteristics RXantennagain 0 dBi 17.42531 dBi
andmargins Thermalnoisedensity -174 dBm/Hz -174 dBm/Hz
Receivernoisefigure 8 dB 5 dB
Receivernoisedensity -166 dB -169 dB
Receivernoisepower -100.157 dBm -103.157 dBm
Processinggain 24.97971 dB 24.97971 dB
RequiredEb/No 7 dB 5 dBInterferencemargin 6.0206 dB 3.0103 dB
Requiredsignalpower -112.116 dBm -120.126 dBm
RXCableloss 0 dB 2 dB
RXBodyloss 2 dB 0 dB
Diversitygain 0 dB 3 dB
Fastfadingmargin 0 dB 3 dBSofthandovergain 1 dB 2 dB
Coverageprobability(celledge) 0.9 0.9
Shadowfadingstddeviation 6 dB 6 dB
ShadowFadingMargin 7.5 dB 7.5 dB
Indoorpenetrationloss 0 dB 0 dB
Receivernoisefigureisusuallybetween5to9dBandBShavebetterNF.Precisevalueofthisparameterisproductspecific.
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RXcharacteristicsReceivercharacteristics RXantennagain 0 dBi 17.42531 dBi
andmargins Thermalnoisedensity -174 dBm/Hz -174 dBm/Hz
Receivernoisefigure 8 dB 5 dB
Receivernoisedensity -166 dB -169 dB
Receivernoisepower -100.157 dBm -103.157 dBm
Processinggain 24.97971 dB 24.97971 dB
RequiredEb/No 7 dB 5 dBInterferencemargin 6.0206 dB 3.0103 dB
Requiredsignalpower -112.116 dBm -120.126 dBm
RXCableloss 0 dB 2 dB
RXBodyloss 2 dB 0 dB
Diversitygain 0 dB 3 dB
Fastfadingmargin 0 dB 3 dB
Softhandovergain 1 dB 2 dB
Coverageprobability(celledge) 0.9 0.9
Shadowfadingstddeviation 6 dB 6 dB
ShadowFadingMargin 7.5 dB 7.5 dB
Indoorpenetrationloss 0 dB 0 dB
Receivernoisedensity(perHz)isasumofreceivernoisefigureandthermalnoisedensity.Receivernoisepowerisequaltoreceivernoisedensityxchiprate
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RXcharacteristicsReceivercharacteristics RXantennagain 0 dBi 17.42531 dBi
andmargins Thermalnoisedensity -174 dBm/Hz -174 dBm/Hz
Receivernoisefigure 8 dB 5 dB
Receivernoisedensity -166 dB -169 dB
Receivernoisepower -100.157 dBm -103.157 dBm
Processinggain 24.97971 dB 24.97971 dB
RequiredEb/No 7 dB 5 dBInterferencemargin 6.0206 dB 3.0103 dB
Requiredsignalpower -112.116 dBm -120.126 dBm
RXCableloss 0 dB 2 dB
RXBodyloss 2 dB 0 dB
Diversitygain 0 dB 3 dB
Fastfadingmargin 0 dB 3 dB
Softhandovergain 1 dB 2 dB
Coverageprobability(celledge) 0.9 0.9
Shadowfadingstddeviation 6 dB 6 dB
ShadowFadingMargin 7.5 dB 7.5 dB
Indoorpenetrationloss 0 dB 0 dB
Processinggainisthechipratedividedbyuserbitrate
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RXcharacteristicsReceivercharacteristics RXantennagain 0 dBi 17.42531 dBi
andmargins Thermalnoisedensity -174 dBm/Hz -174 dBm/Hz
Receivernoisefigure 8 dB 5 dB
Receivernoisedensity -166 dB -169 dB
Receivernoisepower -100.157 dBm -103.157 dBm
Processinggain 24.97971 dB 24.97971 dB
RequiredEb/No 7 dB 5 dBInterferencemargin 6.0206 dB 3.0103 dB
Requiredsignalpower -112.116 dBm -120.126 dBm
RXCableloss 0 dB 2 dB
RXBodyloss 2 dB 0 dB
Diversitygain 0 dB 3 dB
Fastfadingmargin 0 dB 3 dB
Softhandovergain 1 dB 2 dB
Coverageprobability(celledge) 0.9 0.9
Shadowfadingstddeviation 6 dB 6 dB
ShadowFadingMargin 7.5 dB 7.5 dB
Indoorpenetrationloss 0 dB 0 dB
Eb/Novaluescanbeobtainedbylinksimulations.Therearealsoinformativevaluesgivenin3GPPspecifications.Eb/Novalues areusually provided by thenetwork vendor
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Eb/No
WhileEc/Ioisdefinedbefore thesignalde-spreadingoperationandEb/Noafterde-spreading.
Ec/Io can be be determined forthesignal intheair SoEb/Nodependsontheservice(bitrate,CS/PS,
receivingend)&vendor
Ec/Ioisserviceindependent
Typical Eb/Novalues AMR12.2kbps speech (BLER
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Interferencemargin
Receiverbackgroundnoiseincreasesinproportiontotheincreaseoftheusers
Thisneedstotakenintoaccountinthelinkbudgetwithaspecificinterferencemargin,which
isdirectlyrelatedtotheloading
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Interferencebindsthecapacityandcoverage
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Cellloading
Cellrang
eThemoretrafficisbroughttothecell,moreinterferenceisproduced
WhentheinterferencegrowsinthecellthemostfarawayterminalfromtheNodeBcannotwintheinterferenceevenwiththemaximumTX-power
Newuserscannot
accessthecellfromdistance
Cellrangedecreases
InordertowintheinterferencetheterminalshavetoincreasetheirTX-power
Interference margin
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Fastfadingmargin
PCheadroom isanoverhead onthetransmit power aterminal needs tomake intheUL.This overheadensures that theULPCisable tocompensate fordeep
fades atcell border PCHeadroom isafunction ofUEspeed,andthe
overhead islargest forrelatively slowly moving UEs(
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RXcharacteristicsReceivercharacteristics RXantennagain 0 dBi 17.42531 dBi
andmargins Thermalnoisedensity -174 dBm/Hz -174 dBm/Hz
Receivernoisefigure 8 dB 5 dB
Receivernoisedensity -166 dB -169 dB
Receivernoisepower -100.157 dBm -103.157 dBm
Processinggain 24.97971 dB 24.97971 dB
RequiredEb/No 7 dB 5 dBInterferencemargin 6.0206 dB 3.0103 dB
Requiredsignalpower -112.116 dBm -120.126 dBm
RXCableloss 0 dB 2 dB
RXBodyloss 2 dB 0 dB
Diversitygain 0 dB 3 dB
Fastfadingmargin 0 dB 3 dB
Softhandovergain 1 dB 2 dB
Coverageprobability(celledge) 0.9 0.9
Shadowfadingstddeviation 6 dB 6 dB
ShadowFadingMargin 7.5 dB 7.5 dB
Indoorpenetrationloss 0 dB 0 dB
Insofthandovertwosignalsarecombined
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Soft/Softerhandover
Soft/Softer Handover gain develops from combining ofsignals either innode Bs RAKEor RNC.InDownlinksignals are combined interminals RAKEreceiver
Uplink SoftHandover gain comes from RNCframeselection combining.Gain isnot achieved asconcretegain inradiointerface,but asmore stable power control.
InUplink Softer HOmaximum ratio combining isperformed innode Bs RAKE=>gain 1-3dB
Downlink SoftHO:n maximum ratio combining isperformed interminals RAKE=>gain 1-2dB
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RXcharacteristicsReceivercharacteristics RXantennagain 0 dBi 17.42531 dBi
andmargins Thermalnoisedensity -174 dBm/Hz -174 dBm/Hz
Receivernoisefigure 8 dB 5 dB
Receivernoisedensity -166 dB -169 dB
Receivernoisepower -100.157 dBm -103.157 dBm
Processinggain 24.97971 dB 24.97971 dB
RequiredEb/No 7 dB 5 dBInterferencemargin 6.0206 dB 3.0103 dB
Requiredsignalpower -112.116 dBm -120.126 dBm
RXCableloss 0 dB 2 dB
RXBodyloss 2 dB 0 dB
Diversitygain 0 dB 3 dB
Fastfadingmargin 0 dB 3 dB
Softhandovergain 1 dB 2 dB
Coverageprobability(celledge) 0.9 0.9
Shadowfadingstddeviation 6 dB 6 dB
ShadowFadingMargin 7.5 dB 7.5 dB
Indoorpenetrationloss 0 dB 0 dB
Shadowfadingmarginhasbeendiscussedpreviously,butletsrecallsomeissues
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Shadow fading margin (SFM)
SFMisneededbecausethebuildingsandotherobstaclesbetweentheUE andNode B arecausingchangesinthereceivedsignallevelatthereceiver
SFMistakenintoaccountintheWCDMAlinkbudgettoassurea
minimumsignallevelwiththewantedprobability According tomeasurements inliveUMTSnetwork,it has been noticed
that thepractical SFMandstandard deviation values are nearly thesame forWCDMAandGSM
Network area/Parameter
Standard deviation
Shadow fading
marginArea
probabil
ity 90%
Area
probabil
ity 95%
Dense urban /Urban
8,5 dB 6 dB 9,5 dB
Sub-urban 7,2 dB 4,7 dB 7,6 dB
Rural 6,5 dB 3,9 dB 6,6 dB
Somevaluesthatareusedbasedon
measurements
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Cellrange
Allowedpropagationloss 146.4659 dB 149.0205 dB
Range(Okumura-Hatapathlossmodel) Unit
Carrierfrequency 2100 MHz
BSantennaheight 25 m
MSantennaheight 1.5 mParameterA 46.3
ParameterB 33.9
ParameterC 44.9
MSantennagainfunction(largecity) -0.00092
Pathlossexponent 3.574349
Pathlossconstant 137.3351 dBDownlinkrange 1.800742 km
Uplinkrange 2.12287 km
Cellrange 1.800742 km
ItseemsthatWCDMAandGSM1800admitprettysamespeech
coverage(recallthatGSM1800rangewereround1.58km).Actuallyifwewouldhaveusedthesamecablelossthencellrangewouldhavebeen1.58kmalsoforWCDMA.Yet,WCDMAlinkbudgetcontainsmuchmoreparameters=>morepotentialerrorsourcesindimensioning.
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Linkbudget,384kbpsdata384kbpsdata,DL 384kbpsdata,UL
Targetload 0.75 0.5
Transmittercharacteristics Totaltransmitterpower 20 W 0.25 W
TransmitterpoweronTCH 5.666667 W 0.25 W
37.53328 dBm 23.9794 dBm
TXantennagain 17.42531 dBi 0 dBi
TXcableloss 2 dB 0 dBTXBodyloss 0 dB 0 dB
TransmitterEIRP 52.95858 dBm 23.9794 dBm
Receivercharacteristics RXantennagain 0 dBi 17.42531 dBi
andmargins Thermalnoisedensity -174 dBm/Hz -174 dBm/Hz
Receivernoisefigure 8 dB 5 dB
Receivernoisedensity -166 dB -169 dBReceivernoisepower -100.157 dBm -103.157 dBm
Processinggain 10 dB 10 dB
RequiredEb/No 7 dB 3 dB
Interferencemargin 6.0206 dB 3.0103 dB
Requiredsignalpower -97.1361 dBm -107.146 dBm
RXCableloss 0 dB 2 dB
RXBodyloss 0 dB 0 dBDiversitygain 0 dB 3 dB
Fastfadingmargin 0 dB 4 dB
Softhandovergain 1 dB 2 dB
Coverageprobability(celledge) 0.9 0.9
Shadowfadingstddeviation 6 dB 6 dB
ShadowFadingMargin 7.5 dB 7.5 dB
Indoorpenetrationloss 0 dB 0 dBAllowedpropagationloss 143.5947 dB 140.0511 dB
TX
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TXpower
384kbpsdata,DL 384kbpsdata,UL
Targetload 0.75 0.5
Transmittercharacteristics Totaltransmitterpower 20 W 0.25 W
TransmitterpoweronTCH 5.666667 W 0.25 W
37.53328 dBm 23.9794 dBm
TXantennagain 17.42531 dBi 0 dBiTXcableloss 2 dB 0 dB
TXBodyloss 0 dB 0 dB
TransmitterEIRP 52.95858 dBm 23.9794 dBm
RecallthecalculationofTCHtransmissionpower
Nowmaximumnumberofusersisonly4=>BSTXpoweronTCHishigh
usersofnumberMaximumtargetLoad
powerTXTotal)overheadControl1(
,
=
TCHTX
P
Dataterminalmayhave
higherTXpower
R i h i i
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ReceivercharacteristicsReceivercharacteristics RXantennagain 0 dBi 17.42531 dBi
andmargins Thermalnoisedensity -174 dBm/Hz -174 dBm/Hz
Receivernoisefigure 8 dB 5 dB
Receivernoisedensity -166 dB -169 dB
Receivernoisepower -100.157 dBm -103.157 dBm
Processinggain 10 dB 10 dB
RequiredEb/No 7 dB 3 dBInterferencemargin 6.0206 dB 3.0103 dB
Requiredsignalpower -97.1361 dBm -107.146 dBm
RXCableloss 0 dB 2 dB
RXBodyloss 0 dB 0 dB
Diversitygain 0 dB 3 dB
Fastfadingmargin 0 dB 4 dB
Softhandovergain 1 dB 2 dBCoverageprobability(celledge) 0.9 0.9
Shadowfadingstddeviation 6 dB 6 dB
ShadowFadingMargin 7.5 dB 7.5 dB
Indoorpenetrationloss 0 dB 0 dB
ProcessinggainissmallerduetohigherdatarateEb/NoinULisalsoslightlysmaller.
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Cellrange
Inpreviouslinkbudgetsindoorpenetrationlosswere0dB.Ifweassume20dBpenetrationloss
(usualvalue)then
Downlinkrange 0.41265 km
Uplinkrange 0.32843 km
Cellrange 0.32843 km
Allowedpropagationloss 123.5947 dB 120.0511 dB
Allowedpropagationloss 126.4659 dB 129.0205 dB
Downlinkrange 0.496488 km
Uplinkrange 0.585303 km
Cellrange 0.496488 km
12.2kbpsspeech
384kbpsdata
Inter-sitedistance(3sectorcell)=3xrange.Hence,inter-sitedistancesare1488mforspeechand984mfor384kbpsdata(UL).Inpractise inter-sitedistancesareevensmallerinurbanareasduethe
morepessimistic(realistic)parameters.