Cellular lpwan paris nov 2015

IoT connectivity / LPWA Networks overviewGuillaume Crinon – Technical Marketing Manager EMEA

Nov 2015

2 26 November 2015

To be connected or not to be at all ?

Building & Home Automation

Industrial Automation

Fire & Security

Metering

3 26 November 2015

M2MIoT

VideoCloud

MobileApps

BlueTooth

Wireless – wireless – wireless

10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M

(Bytes / Day)

4G3G2.5G 2.75GSigFox UNB

WmBUSWiFi

6LoWPAN

LTE-M / NB-IOT

LoRaWAN

4 26 November 2015

M2MIoT

VideoCloud

MobileApps

BlueTooth

Wireless but no gateway / smartphone

10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M

(Bytes / Day)


WmBUSWiFi

6LoWPAN

LTE-M / NB-IOT

LoRaWAN

5 26 November 2015

M2MIoT

VideoCloud

MobileApps

Wireless Wide Area Networks – WAN

10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M

(Bytes / Day)


LTE-M / NB-IOT

LoRaWAN

Legacy

cellular

Low-Power

Wide Area Ntw

LPWAN

6 26 November 2015

• PRO:• Operated by MNOs MVNOs since 20 years

• Massive infrastructure & continued investments

• Licensed spectrum

• Ubiquitous service worldwide

• Secure communication (SIM card)

• Regulatory body = 3GPP – GSMA

• Extensive service offering

• Aiming at serving smartphones voice + data

• Aiming at increasing bandwidth 2G 3G 4G to fight price erosion

• Legacy M2M communication channel

• CON:• not suitable for low-cost battery-operated devices

Legacy cellular 2G 3G 4G

7 26 November 2015

LPWAN for battery-operated devices

Connected

Not worth connecting

Container geolocation tag

Connected HVAC systems

Connected call buttons

Catering geolocation

Bicycle antitheft and geolocation

Industrial logistics

Consumer accessories

…

+ >200 new ideas

…75% of the M2M market by 2020!

8 26 November 2015

• 2012: SIGFOX invented LPWAN with the deployment of their UNB (Ultra-Narrow-Band) network in FRANCE

• 2012: SEMTECH acquired CYCLEO a French start-up inventor of the LoRa technology

• 2014: Inception of the LoRa Alliance.

• 2014: HUAWEI acquired NEUL

• 2015: 3GPP and GSMA have started working on a NB-IoT standard aiming at providing improved service in licensed spectrum in the frame of a 4G upgrade

• Will LoRaWAN & SIGFOX be retained ?

• Goal is to deliver a standard by end of 2015 which is a VERY ambitious objective

LPWAN for battery-operated devices

9 26 November 2015

So they say… true or false ?

SIGFOX is a

proprietary

network while

LoRa Alliance is

an open standard

LoRa Alliance is a

SEMTECH proprietary

technology while

SIGFOX is compliant

with most transceivers

10 26 November 2015

A bit of technology

11 26 November 2015

• A longer listening time per bit helps bring the noise level down

• Additive White Gaussian Noise Uncorrelated successive samples

Gaussian distribution of amplitude with variance s²

Variance of N-averaged samples = s² / N

• Bitrate /2 = bit duration x2• Energy per bit x2 (+6dB)

• Noise energy x sqrt(2) (+3dB)

Improvement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) by 3dB

• From 2G to SIGFOX• 200kbps 100bps

• Bit duration extended by factor x2000

• Range improvement x sqrt(2000) = x45 in open space at iso Tx power

Wider cells, less capex for operator

Same for LoRa

Why are LPWANs “long-range” ?

Listening time per bit

12 26 November 2015

P

b

p

B

• A longer listening time per bit helps bring the noise level down

• Two signals have the same power Pt at transmitter output:

• Red is narrowband low bitrate• Bandwidth = b << B

• Power Spectral Density = P >> p

• Green is wideband high bitrate• Bandwidth = B >> b

• Power Spectral Density = p << P

• Same power Pt = P.b = p.B

• After travelling to a distant base-station, the signals have been attenuated

• Wideband signal has sunk under thermal noise floor

• Narrowband signal still peaks above noise floor and can be demodulated

• Same mechanism with spread-spectrum signals although they seem to disappear below noise floor

Low bitrate signals travel longer distances

Bandwidth (Hz)

PSD

(dBm/Hz)

Power = PSD.BW

13 26 November 2015

• SIGFOX or LoRawANLPWAN operators are following similar network architectures:• Base-stations in the field

acting as 1 global base-station

• Simplified MAC layer cloud-operated

• API or callback interface to retrieve or push messages to customer’s application server

LPWAN global architecture

API

CallBack

3G, DSL, Ethernet, Satellite

LPWAN

operator

14 26 November 2015

• Both SIGFOX and the LoRaAlliance have a mandatory certification program

• Necessary in order to validate that the implementation of the communication is 100% compliant with the specification• In case communication issues

arise, a certificate protects the customer against the operator

• True with BlueTooth, 3G, WiFi, ZigBee, etc

• Pre-certified modules and reference-designs are a great enabler!

Certification – why it is mandatory

EZR32

15 26 November 2015


16 26 November 2015


LPWAN data plans

cost 10x less than

GPRS/3G data plans

because 10x less

network infrastructure

required

True: for volumes >100k,

cost of communication is

~1€/node/y

But: be prepared for

aggressive competitive

2G/3G M2M data plans

in 2016…

17 26 November 2015

Legacy cellular network layout complexity

18 26 November 2015

• A moving UE (User Equipment) will have to switch to these 4 different cells in order to maintain connectivity

• The network manages this in real-time: Handover

• Complex mechanism supposing that the UE is updated in real-time with the frequencies/codes of surrounding cells and that the network pre-allocates bandwidth/slots in surrounding cells in case the UE moves

Your smartphone keeps talking the network even if you do not use it: battery drains in days/weeks

• 2G networks were designed for voice service: architecture towards limiting latency to a few 10ms and maintaining audio QoS at an average of 5-12kbps full-duplex

• 3G and 4G networks have added the capability to handle transfers of large amount of packetized data at rates up to 50Mbps in order to serve mobile apps with smartphones

Still very different from an LPWAN usage!

How it impacts the User Equipment power consumption

19 26 November 2015

LPWAN layout simplicity

• 5-10x less base-stations than 3G/4G cellular networks

• All base-stations listen to the same frequencies Acting together as 1 global base-station

• Spatial redundancy helps securing connectivity for objects in harsh environments

• Filling the blanks is easier: just drop an extra base-station, no modification of the existing network required

• Very attractive for LPWAN operators: low capex, low opex, low complexity

20 26 November 2015

Outdoor Indoor = Outdoor – 20dB

French SIGFOX network

21 26 November 2015

Bouygues Telecom

• End 2015 : 30 urban areas over 200k people, ie 1500 towns

• H1 2016 : 80% population

• End 2016 : Full nationwide coverage

• Total planned number of BS = 4-5k

• To be compared with SIGFOX’s current 1400 BS

Orange

• Current pilot in Grenoble

• H1 2016: nationwide deployment

• End 2016: full nationwide coverage

French LoRaWAN deployments

22 26 November 2015

• Henri Crohas has announced the launch of a LoRaWAN collaborative network in June 2016

• ARCHOS will subsidize 200,000 LoRapicoWAN plugs and distribute them across Europe at once

• Probably along with the sale of a nice peripheral and killer application associated with a service

• Each plug will create a small LoRaWANbubble strengthening the network inside homes and buildings

• Very complementary to territorial MNO deployments

ARCHOS – LoRaWAN collaborative network

23 26 November 2015


SIGFOX is not

bidirectional while

LoRaWAN is

False: both are

bidirectional with the

same ETSI limitations

But: LoRa has a better

downlink sensitivity

with currently available

transceivers

24 26 November 2015

• Both Up and Down link in same unlicensed 868MHz ISM band

• European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) regulates the band usage

• Important rule: a base-station cannot talk for more than 10% of the time

1 BS serving 100k – 1M objects cannot answer them all!

• + Base-Stations operate in half-duplex mode: blind when transmitting

Network is mostly uplink – downlink used scarcely

LPWAN bi-directionality limitation in Europe

1%10%

1%

1%

1%

25 26 November 2015

• Service asymmetry is often pointed as a service weakness

• Whereas an uplink-only service has a great advantage

• Jamming a communication = jamming the receiver

• Jamming an uplink protocol = jamming the base-stations with a jammer in immediate proximity

When the object is heard at 20km, very difficult to jam all base-stations simultaneously!

• When engineering a service, the return-channel can be served with another technology

• Ex: a smoke detector cannot move by itself to improve its network reach

How to turn an apparent weakness into a strength ?

26 26 November 2015

SIGFOX

• Sensor-initiated bi-directionnal

communication

LoRaWAN

• Class-A• Equivalent to SIGFOX with same

constraints (ETSI)

• Class-B• Sensors are synchronized by network

beaconing - TDMA

• Unlikely in early ISM-band public European deployments

• Useful in private networks for throughput optimization

• Class-C• Mains-powered sensors/actuators can be

in listen-mode full-time

LPWAN communication protocols

t

uplink

Tx 868.1MHz

Sleep downlink

Rx 869.5MHz

Dt, Df

1% duty-cycle

+14dBm

10% duty-cycle

+27dBm

27 26 November 2015


SIGFOX function

HW cost is $1,

compatible with

all sub-GHz

transceivers in

the market

False: HW cost for

MCU+TRX+TCXO is > $1

Ultra-narrow band

modulation is tricky, much

more than a stack…

But: many transceivers

can be « hand-

modulated » to do the job

28 26 November 2015

• Uplink:• DBPSK modulation @ 100 bps

• Frequency: 868.13MHz +/- 100kHz

• Link budget = +14dBm (Tx) – (-145dBm) (ntw sensitivity) = 159dB >> GPRS

• 12-byte payload per message

• Message duration = 3x2s- Repeated 3 times on 3 random frequencies within band

• Energy spent per message Etx = 3 x 2s x 50mA = 300mAs = 83µAh

• Downlink:• FSK modulation @ 500 bps

• Frequency: Uplink + 1.4MHz (869.5MHz +27dBm sub-band)

• Link budget = +27dBm (Tx) – (-126dBm) (node sensitivity) = 154dB >> GPRS

• 8-byte payload per message

• Message duration = 300ms with average latency of 10s

• Energy spent per message Erx = 10.3s x 15mA = 154mAs = 43µAh

• As sensitive as GPS wrt frequency stability!

LPWAN radio characteristics – SIGFOX UNB

100Hz

29 26 November 2015

• Frequency stability…• Equivalent to phase noise

• Equivalent to RF carrier drift

• 100 bps 10ms bit duration awfully long!

• DBPSK modulation = information born by RF carrier phase increments from bit to bit

• Constellation must not rotate from bit to bit• 45° rotation equivalent to 3dB loss of sensitivity

at the base-station !

• 45° in 10ms = 0.007ppm/s at 868MHz !

• It takes a little bit more than a TCXO to guarantee this in a careful design… This is why modules and experts are so useful

Where does lay the complexity in a SIGFOX node ?

bit n

Demodulator

decision boundary

updated after bit n

0 1

bit n+1

0.007ppm

only drift!

30 26 November 2015

• TD-Next modules and SiLabs EZR reference-design• TD12xx for Europe/ETSI

• TD15xx for USA/FCC

• Historical partner of SIGFOX

• >400 customers currently developing a solution around this HW

• 99.9% of the SIGFOX nodes deployed in the field

AVMS recommended SIGFOX modules/chipsets

Support/Volume

Tim

e t

o m

ark

et

EZR32

31 26 November 2015


LoRa function

HW cost is more

expensive than

SIGFOX, only

compatible with

Semtech TRX

True: Semtech is to date the

only provider of LoRa

chipsets

But: no TCXO required

with LoRa

+ other IC vendors are

currently acquiring the

LoRa license

32 26 November 2015

• Uplink:• LoRa CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum)

• 0.3-5 kbits per second (Adaptive Data Rate)

• Link budget = +14dBm (Tx) – (-142dBm) (ntw sensitivity) = 156dB >> GPRS

• 0-250 bytes/message payload

• Message duration = 40ms – 1.2s

• Energy spent per message Etx = 1.2s x 32mA = 11µAh at full sensitivity

• Energy spent per message Etx = 40ms x 32mA = 0.36µAh at min sensitivity

• Downlink:• LoRa CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum)

• 0.3-5 kbits per second (Adaptive Data Rate)

• Link budget = +27dBm (Tx) – (-137dBm) (node sensitivity) = 164dB >> GPRS

• 8dB higher link budget than uplink allowing reducing SF by 3 for downlink (9dB) 8x shorter message, 8x increased capacity, 8x lower power consumption @ sensor

• 0-250 bytes/message payload

• Message duration = 20-160ms with average latency of 2s

• Energy spent per message Erx = 160ms x 11mA = 0.5µAh at uplink-equivalent link budget

LPWAN radio characteristics – LoRa technology

125kHz

33 26 November 2015

• Microchip module• RN2483 for Europe/ETSI

• AVMS reference-design• MCU cortex M3

• SX1272 868MHz

• Or SX1276 bi-band

• >150 customers currently developing a solution around this HW

AVMS recommended LoRaWAN modules/chipsets

Support/Volume

Tim

e t

o m

ark

et

34 26 November 2015


SIGFOX networks

have a greater

capacity than

LoRaWA Networks

True: Ultra-narrowband

has a greater spectrum

efficiency than LoRa

But: LoRa has a very

powerful adaptive

datarate capability

enabling scalable capacity

with infrastructure density

35 26 November 2015

• 200kHz allocated BW in current

implementation

• Simultaneous frequency capacity =

200kHz / 100Hz x 10% = 200

simultaneous messages• 10% is max limit for collisions

• Message = 208bits (2.08s) repeated 3

times on 3 random frequencies

• Base-station capacity = 200 x 24h x

3600s/h / 6.24s = 2.7M mess/day @

max link budget

LPWAN capacity – SIGFOX UNB

868.13MHz

Time

36 26 November 2015

• 8 frequency channels of 125kHz in the 867-868.5MHz sub-band

• 6 Spreading Factors (SF) orthogonal between them yielding bitrates from 300 to 5k bps

• Base-station capacity = 8 x 24 x 3600 x 20% = 138k mess/day @ max link budget (SF12) & 20-byte payload

• Base-station capacity = 8 x 32 x 24 x 3600 x 20% = 3.3M mess/day @ min link budget (SF7) (= max – 15dB) & 20-byte payload

• Capacity optimization with ADR (Adaptive Data Rate) – network controlled

• Nodes close to BS are told to communicate at higher bit rate shorter messages in time

Capacity can be increased with infrastructure densification and depends on application

LPWAN capacity – LoRaWAN

868.1 868.3 868.5MHz

Time SF

SIGFOX

37 26 November 2015


SIGFOX base-

stations cannot be

jammed by

LoRaWAN nodes

False: if too many

868.1MHz LoRaWAN nodes

are close to a SIGFOX BS,

they will mask distant

SIGFOX nodes from this BS

But: if the node is heard

by other SIGFOX BS,

messages will go through

38 26 November 2015

SIGFOX immunity to LoRaWAN on shared frequency

SIGFOX BS

SIGFOX BS

L

L

S

S

Masking if

L-31dB > S-7dB

L > S+24dB

at base-station

Solved by

redundancy

39 26 November 2015


LoRaWAN

networks cannot

be jammed by

SIGFOX nodes

False: if too many SIGFOX

nodes are close to a

LoRaWAN BS, they will mask

distant 868.1MHz LoRaWAN

nodes from this BS

But: if the node is heard

by other LoRaWAN BS,

messages will go through

40 26 November 2015

LoRaWAN immunity to SIGFOX on shared frequency

LoRaWAN BS

LoRaWAN BS

L

L

S

S

Solved by

redundancy

Masking if

S > L+20dB (SF12)

S > L+5dB (SF7)

at base-station

41 26 November 2015


SIGFOX does

not support

mobility while

LoRaWAN does

True: SIGFOX has a current

limitation wrt mobility under

certain conditions

Although more robust

against mobility by

nature, LoRaWAN has

limitations too

42 26 November 2015

• Due to the very low bitrate, messages are very long in time:

• SIGFOX: 26 bytes = 208 bits = 2.08s

• LoRa: 40-60 bytes = 320-480 bits = 1-1.5s

• A lot can happen in 2.08s when in urban environment:

• Intersection crossing

• A car drives by

• Etc

• … whereas the base-station assumes the channel (ie RF wave propagation path) does not change for the whole duration of the message: Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) channel

Message can be lost

An accelerometer can help assess when to Tx

Time and spatial redundancy help

LoRa error correction mechanism helps a lot

Mobility with LPWAN

Courtesy of www.aruco.com

2.08s

http://www.aruco.com/

43 26 November 2015


100m geolocation

without GPS is

possible in a LoRa

network while

impossible with

SIGFOX

True: if a node is

seen by at least 3

LoRaWAN base-

stations, it can be

located with an

accuracy of 20-200m

44 26 November 2015

Geolocation inside a LoRaWAN network

• Measuring distances can be done 2 ways:• RSSI (Received Signal Strength) = imprecise

• Time-of-Flight of the radio wave = precise

• LoRa, given its spectral/time properties, makes it possible to measure a time of flight with a precision of 200ns-1µs under good receive conditions

• 200ns . c (3e8 m/s) = 60m

• Nodes and network are NOT time synchronized Not possible to measure distance to 1 BS only

• If BS are time-synchronized, they can time-stamp the same message they receive (almost) simultaneously

These tiny time-of-arrival differences can be used to compute the relative distance of a node between 2 BS: locus = hyperbola

3 BS required to compute a location in DTOA (Differential Time of Arrival)

Dense network needed!!

BS1

BS2

BS3

45 26 November 2015


LoRaWAN is for

private networks

only while SIGFOX

covers countries

False: both will

cover countries

But: LoRaWAN is

also great for private

networks whereas

this is not SIGFOX’s

business model

46 26 November 2015

SIGFOX network operators

• France: SIGFOX

• Spain: CELLNEX

• NL: AEREA / TELE2

• UK: ARQIVA

• Portugal: NARROW NET

• Belgium: ENGIE M2M

• Luxemburg: RMS / POST

• Italy: NETTROTTER

• Denmark: IoT DENMARK

• Ireland: VIZOR

• Poland: EED

• USA: SIGFOX

LoRaWAN MNOs

• France: BOUYGUES TEL – ORANGE

• NL: KPN

• Belgium: PROXIMUS

• Switzerland: SWISSCOM

• South Africa: FASTNET

• UAE (United Arab Emirates): du

• Russia: LACE

• USA: SENET

• India: TATA

• Private networks everywhere: ACTILITY

Who are the operators ? Nov 2015

+ 50 pilots for both technologies

around the world

47 26 November 2015

LoraWAN Private network infrastructure by ACTILITY

• Customer owns, installs and administrates his private network across his buildings and campuses

• Connects sensors, actuators, machines inside Intranet

• Compatible with public networks when available

• Also useful to strengthen / complement a public network in harsh industrial environments

Webhosted IT

Webhosted admin

Infrastructure

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

48 26 November 2015

LPWAN conquest of the world until…

49 26 November 2015

• 3GPP has launched a NB-IoT initiative in order to normalize LPWAN in licensed spectrum worldwide

• Backed by 20+ operators inside GSMA, including VODAFONE, TELEFONICA, AT&T, VERIZON, T-MOBILE, DEUTSCHE TELECOM, TELECOM ITALIA…

• Backed by base-station manufacturers, including HUAWEI, NOKIA, ERICSSON, ZTE…

• Backed by cellular chipset vendors such as INTEL and QUALCOMM

… GSMA & 3GPP strike back!

50 26 November 2015

• Objective: provide improved LPWAN services in licensed cellular spectrum• Premium bi-directional service

• Higher bit rates

• Lower power

• Standardized across all operators and countries

• No extra LPWAN-dedicated infrastructure: native in 5G base-stations

• Deployed over full countries overnight

NB-IoT – LPWAN integrated in a 5G service

51 26 November 2015

• Licensed cellular spectrum• Revamping of 2G channels

• 180kHz sub-bands

• LTE guard-bands

• LTE sub-carriers

• Modulations• Uplink: 300bps – 300kbps

• FDMA – GMSK (NEUL/HUAWEI)

• SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA)

• Downlink: 200bps – 100kbps• OFDMA

• Full balanced bidirectional service

• +23dBm sensor Tx power

NB-IoT – Bits and pieces of on-going proposals

52 26 November 2015

NB-IoT – Roadmap to 2020

2016 2017 2018 2019

NB-IoT

standard

initial

release

LTE/NB-IoT

infrastructure

commercially

available

NB-IoT

service

commercial

launch

2015

Early pilot

Full worldwide

NB-IoT service

complementing

unlicensed

LPWAN

53 26 November 2015

Visible Things

54 26 November 2015

Sensors and Actuators

• Product selection

• Connectivity

• Power management

Gateways

• Connectivity Management

• LAN WAN

• Network interface

• Cloud messaging

• Security

Comms infrastructure

• Network selection

• In field experience

• MNO relationships

• IT investments

Cloud Infrastructure

• Messaging

• Large volume

• New IoTnetwork servers

• Enterprise grade

• Analytics and reporting

Applications and Enterprise IT

• Integration with and collection of appropriate data from cloud service

• Customer application development

Edge to Enterprise Challenges

55 26 November 2015

Scope of the Visible Things Platform

Thank [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Cellular lpwan paris nov 2015

Technology

Transcript of Cellular lpwan paris nov 2015