CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

Roselyn Aperocho – NaranjoPharmacy InstructorUSPF – College of Pharmacywww.roselynnaranjo.vze.com

THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

THE ANIMAL CELL

• outer surface separating the cell’s environment from the external environment outside the cell• selective barrier that regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell

• helps maintain the appropriate environment for normal cellular activities• play a role in communication both among cells and between cells and their external environment

THE ANIMAL CELL

CYTOPLASM

•Contains cellular components between plasma membrane and nucleus

• consist of two components: Cytosol – fluid portion

- contains water and dissolved solutes and suspended paticles - sorrounded by organelles susch as ribosomes, etc.

NUCLEUS

THE ANIMAL CELL

forms the package for our genes and their controlling factors.

•Store genes on chromosomes

•Organize genes into chromosomes to allow cell division.

•Transport regulatory factors & gene products via nuclear pores

Produce messages ( messenger Ribonucleic acid or mRNA) that code for proteins

NUCLEUS

THE ANIMAL CELL

4 Parts Nuclear Membrane

•Nucleoplasm or Karyolymph

•Nucleolus

•Chromatin Network

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THE ANIMAL CELL

• a network of tubules, vesicles and sacs that are interconnected.

•serve specialized functions in the cell including protein synthesis, sequestration of calcium, production of steroids, storage and production of glycogen, and insertion of membrane proteins.

•bears the ribosomes during protein synthesis.

LYSOSOMES

THE ANIMAL CELL

• the cells' garbage disposal system.

• digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

• are used for the digestion of macromolecules

MICROTUBULES

THE ANIMAL CELL

• also known as Centrioles •Long and straight cylinders

•Responsible for the movement during cell division

•Contains cilia and flagella

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THE ANIMAL CELL

• It also provides a large surface area for the organization of chemical reactions and synthesis •serves as a storage of calcium •transport chemicals between and within cells.

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THE ANIMAL CELL

•packages proteins for transport, synthesizes membrane phosolipids, and releases calcium

•transformation of bile pigments, glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen), and detoxification of many drugs and chemical agents

GOLGI BODIES

THE ANIMAL CELL

• essential in modifying, sorting, and packaging these substances for cell secretion (exocytosis) or for use within the cell. • It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough endoplasmic reticulum but is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes

GOLGI BODIES

THE ANIMAL CELL

• it can be thought of as similar to a post office; it packages and labels items and then sends them to different parts of the cell.

• converts chemical energy of food such as sugars to the chemical energy of a molecule called ATP

MITOCHONDRIA

THE ANIMAL CELL

• is an organelle that carry out cellular respiration of the cell.

• converts chemical energy of food such as sugars to the chemical energy of a molecule called ATP

LIPID BILAYER

LIPID BILAYER

THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

2 layers of phospholipids• Phosphate head is polar (water loving)

• Fatty acid tails non-polar (water fearing)

• Proteins embedded in membrane

Functions

Functions

Structure of the Cell Membrane

Outside of cell

Inside of cell (cytoplasm)

ProteinsProteins

Transport Protein Phospholipids

Carbohydratechains

Types of Cellular Transport

Types of Cellular Transport

high

low

This is gonna be

hard work!!

high

low

Weeee!!!

Passive Transport (HighLow)

Passive Transport (HighLow)

1. Diffusion: random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

(High to Low)• Diffusion continues until all

molecules are evenly spaced (equilibrium is reached)-Note: molecules will still move around but stay spread out.

Passive Transport (HighLow)

Passive Transport (HighLow)

Passive Transport (HighLow)

Facilitated diffusion (Channel Protein)

Diffusion (Lipid

Bilayer)

Carrier Protein

Passive Transport (HighLow)

High Concentration

Low Concentration

Cell Membrane

Transport ProteinThrough a

High

Low

Passive Transport (HighLow)

Glucosemolecules

Passive Transport (HighLow)

Passive Transport (HighLow)

•Water moves freely through pores.

•Solute (green) to large to move across.

Passive Transport (HighLow)

Passive Transport (HighLow)

Active Transport (Low High)

Active Transport (Low High)

Active Transport (Low High)

Active Transport (Low High)

Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!

Active Transport (Low High)

Active Transport (Low High)

Active Transport (Low High)

Active Transport (Low High)

Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!

Hypotonic Solution

Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!

shrinks

Hypotonic Solution

Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)

Osmosis Animations for isotonic, hypertonic,

and hypotonic solutions

Isotonic Solution

What type of solution are these cells in?

A CB

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

How Organisms Deal with Osmotic Pressure

•Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called tugor pressure.

•A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them from over-expanding.

•Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so they do not dehydrate.

•Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the blood isotonic by remove excess salt and water.

Good Luck

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