Cellular Division
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Transcript of Cellular Division
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Cellular Cellular DivisionDivision
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Cell DivisionCell Division
All cells are derived fromAll cells are derived from pre-existingpre-existing cellscells
Two new daughter cells are Two new daughter cells are produced for produced for growthgrowth and to and to replace damaged or old cellsreplace damaged or old cells
Differs inDiffers in prokaryotesprokaryotes (bacteria) and(bacteria) and eukaryoteseukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, & (protists, fungi, plants, & animals)animals)
Why do cells divide?
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• Average Human Adult: ~75 trillion cells• Average Human Infant: ~4.3 trillion
cells
*YOUR CELLS ARE THE SAME SIZE… YOU JUST HAVE MORE FO THEM THANKS TO MITOSIS!
***Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio• Volume increases faster than surface
area• Puts strain on metabolic functions• Nutrients and waste are not transported
efficiently• Larger organisms do not necessarily
have bigger cells… just more of them
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Keeping Cells IdenticalKeeping Cells Identical
TheThe instructions instructions for making cell for making cell partsparts are encoded are encoded in the in the DNADNA, so , so each new cell each new cell must get amust get a complete set of complete set of the DNA the DNA moleculesmolecules
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DNA ReplicationDNA ReplicationDNA must be DNA must be
copied orcopied or replicated replicated before cell before cell divisiondivision
Each new cell Each new cell will then have will then have anan identical identical copycopy of the of the DNADNA
Original DNA Original DNA strandstrand
Two new, Two new, identical DNA identical DNA
strandsstrands
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Identical Daughter Identical Daughter CellsCells
Parent CellParent Cell
Two Two identical identical daughter daughter
cellscells
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Prokaryotic ChromosomeProkaryotic Chromosome
The DNA of The DNA of prokaryotes prokaryotes (bacteria) is (bacteria) is one, circular one, circular chromosome chromosome attached to attached to the inside of the inside of the cell the cell membranemembrane
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Eukaryotic Eukaryotic ChromosomesChromosomesAll All eukaryoticeukaryotic cells store cells store
genetic information in genetic information in chromosomeschromosomes
Most eukaryotes have between Most eukaryotes have between 10 10 and 50 chromosomesand 50 chromosomes in their body in their body cellscells
Human body cells have 46 Human body cells have 46 chromosomeschromosomes or 23 identical pairs or 23 identical pairs
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Chromosomes in Dividing Chromosomes in Dividing CellsCells
Duplicated chromosomes are called chromatids & are held together by the centromere
Called Sister Called Sister ChromatidsChromatids
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KaryotypeKaryotypeA A picturepicture of the of the
chromosomes chromosomes from a human cell from a human cell arranged in pairs arranged in pairs by sizeby size
First 22 pairs are First 22 pairs are called autosomescalled autosomes
Last pair are the Last pair are the sex chromosomessex chromosomes
XXXX female or female or XYXY malemale
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Boy or Girl?Boy or Girl?
Y - Y - ChromosomeChromosome
X - X - ChromosomeChromosome
TheThe Y Chromosome Y Chromosome DecidesDecides
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Cell Cell ReproductionReproduction
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Types of Cell Types of Cell ReproductionReproductionAsexual reproductionAsexual reproduction involves a involves a
single cellsingle cell dividing to make dividing to make 2 2 new, identical daughter cellsnew, identical daughter cellsMitosis & binary fission are examples of Mitosis & binary fission are examples of
asexual reproductionasexual reproduction
Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction involves involves two cells (egg & sperm) joining two cells (egg & sperm) joining to make a to make a new cell (zygote)new cell (zygote) that that is is NOT identical to the original NOT identical to the original cellscellsMeiosis is a type of sexual reproductionMeiosis is a type of sexual reproduction
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Cell Division in Cell Division in ProkaryotesProkaryotes
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Cell Division in Cell Division in ProkaryotesProkaryotes Prokaryotes such Prokaryotes such
as as bacteriabacteria divide divide into 2 identical into 2 identical cells by the cells by the process of process of binary binary fissionfission
Single chromosome Single chromosome makes a copy of makes a copy of itselfitself
Cell wall forms Cell wall forms between the between the chromosomes chromosomes dividing the celldividing the cell
Parent Parent cellcell
2 identical daughter 2 identical daughter cellscells
ChromosoChromosome me
relicatesrelicates
Cell Cell splitssplits
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Animation of Binary Animation of Binary FissionFission
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Prokaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell Undergoing Binary Undergoing Binary
FissionFission
Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce similarly
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The Cell The Cell CycleCycle
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Five Phases of the Cell CycleFive Phases of the Cell Cycle
1.1. GG11 - primary growth phase - primary growth phase2.2. S – synthesis; DNA replicatedS – synthesis; DNA replicated
3.3. GG22 - secondary growth phase - secondary growth phasecollectively these 3 stages are collectively these 3 stages are called interphasecalled interphase
4.4. M - mitosisM - mitosis5.5. C - cytokinesisC - cytokinesis
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Cell CycleCell Cycle
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Interphase - GInterphase - G11 Stage Stage11stst growth stage growth stage after cell after cell
divisiondivisionCells spend the majority of Cells spend the majority of
time in this phasetime in this phaseCells Cells maturemature by making more by making more
cytoplasm & organellescytoplasm & organellesCell carries on its Cell carries on its normal normal
metabolic activitiesmetabolic activities
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InterphaseInterphase – S Stage – S StageSynthesisSynthesis stage stageDNA is copied or replicatedDNA is copied or replicated
Two Two identicidentic
al al copies copies of DNAof DNA
Original Original DNADNA
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Interphase – GInterphase – G22 Stage Stage
22ndnd Growth Growth Stage StageOccurs Occurs after DNA has been after DNA has been
copiedcopiedAll cell All cell structures needed for structures needed for
division (M)division (M) are made (e.g. are made (e.g. centrioles)centrioles)
Both Both organelles & proteinsorganelles & proteins are are synthesizedsynthesized
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What’s Happening in What’s Happening in Interphase?Interphase?
What the cell looks likeWhat the cell looks like
Animal Cell
What’s occurring
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Draw and Label the Cell Draw and Label the Cell CycleCycle
DaughteDaughter Cellsr Cells
DNA DNA CopiedCopied
Cells Cells MaturMatur
ee
Cells prepare Cells prepare for Divisionfor Division
Cell Divides into Cell Divides into Identical cellsIdentical cells
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MitosisMitosis
MICROTUBULESDIPLOID
Sister Chromatids separateDIPLOID
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MitosisMitosisDivision of the Division of the
nucleusnucleusAlso called Also called
karyokinesiskaryokinesisOnly occurs in Only occurs in
eukaryoteseukaryotesHas Has fourfour phases phasesDoesn’t occur Doesn’t occur
in some cells in some cells such as such as brain brain cellscells
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Four Mitotic Phases: PMATFour Mitotic Phases: PMAT
ProProphasephaseMetaMetaphasephaseAnaAnaphasephaseTeloTelophasephase
THEN:THEN:
CytokinesisCytokinesis
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Four Mitotic Phases: PMATFour Mitotic Phases: PMAT
ProProphase: phase: Pro = first/ Pro = first/ beforebefore
MetaMetaphase: phase: Meta - middleMeta - middle
AnaAnaphase: phase: Ana = back; awayAna = back; away
TeloTelophase: phase: Telo Telo = = distantdistant
Cytokinesis = Cytokinesis = cyto = cell; kine cyto = cell; kine = cut= cut
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Early ProphaseEarly ProphaseChromatinChromatin in nucleus condenses to in nucleus condenses to
form form visible chromosomesvisible chromosomesMitotic spindle Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)centrioles (animal)
ChromosomesChromosomes
NucleolusNucleolus CytoplasmCytoplasm
Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane
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Late ProphaseLate ProphaseNuclear membrane & nucleolusNuclear membrane & nucleolus
are broken downare broken downChromosomesChromosomes continue continue
condensing & are condensing & are clearly visibleclearly visibleSpindle fibers called Spindle fibers called
kinetochoreskinetochores attach to the attach to the centromerecentromere of each chromosome of each chromosome
SpindleSpindle finishes forming finishes forming between the between the poles of the cellpoles of the cell
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Late ProphaseLate Prophase
Nucleus & Nucleolus have disintegratedNucleus & Nucleolus have disintegrated
ChromosomeChromosomes s
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MetaphaseMetaphaseChromosomes, attached to the Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fiberskinetochore fibers, move to the , move to the center of the cellcenter of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at Chromosomes are now lined up at the equatorthe equator
Pole of Pole of the Cellthe Cell
Equator of CellEquator of Cell
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MetaphaseMetaphase
ChromosoChromosomes lined mes lined at the at the EquatorEquator
Asters at Asters at the polesthe poles
Spindle Spindle FibersFibers
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MetaphaseMetaphase
AsterAster
Chromosomes at EquatorChromosomes at Equator
Mitotic Spindle =
centrioles + spindle fibers
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AnaphaseAnaphaseOccurs Occurs rapidlyrapidlySister Sister
chromatidschromatids are pulled are pulled apart to apart to opposite polesopposite poles of the cell by of the cell by kinetochore kinetochore fibersfibers
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AnaphaseAnaphase
Sister Sister ChromatidChromatid
s being s being separatedseparated
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TelophaseTelophaseSister chromatids at Sister chromatids at opposite opposite polespoles
Spindle Spindle disassemblesdisassemblesNuclear envelopeNuclear envelope forms forms around each set of sister around each set of sister chromatidschromatids
NucleolusNucleolus reappears reappearsCYTOKINESISCYTOKINESIS occurs occursChromosomes reappear as Chromosomes reappear as chromatinchromatin
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Comparison of Anaphase & Comparison of Anaphase & TelophaseTelophase
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CytokinesisCytokinesisCytokinesis means Cytokinesis means division of division of
the cytoplasmthe cytoplasmDivisionDivision of cell into two, of cell into two,
identical halves called identical halves called daughter cellsdaughter cells
In plant cells, cell plate In plant cells, cell plate forms forms at the equator to divide cellat the equator to divide cell
In animal cells, In animal cells, cleavage cleavage furrow forms to split cellfurrow forms to split cell
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CytokinesisCytokinesis
Cleavage Cleavage furrow in furrow in
animal cellanimal cell
Cell plate in Cell plate in plant cellplant cell
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Mitotic StagesMitotic Stages
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Daughter Cells of MitosisDaughter Cells of MitosisHave the Have the same number of same number of
chromosomes as each otherchromosomes as each other and as the parent celland as the parent cell from from which they were formedwhich they were formed
IdenticalIdentical to each other, but to each other, but smaller than parent cellsmaller than parent cell
Must grow in size Must grow in size to become to become mature cells mature cells (G(G11 of Interphase) of Interphase)
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Identical Daughter CellsIdentical Daughter Cells
Chromosome number the Chromosome number the samesame, but , but cells cells smallersmaller than parent cell than parent cell
What What is the is the 2n or 2n or
diploid diploid numbenumbe
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Cell Cycle - review• Interphase
– G1:– S:– G2:
• Mitosis– P:– M:– A:– T:
• Cytokinesis
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RevieReview of w of
MitosiMitosiss
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Eukaryotic Cell DivisionEukaryotic Cell Division
Used for Used for growth and growth and repairrepair
Produce two new Produce two new cells cells identical to the identical to the original celloriginal cell
Cells are Cells are diploiddiploid (2n) (2n)
Chromosomes Chromosomes during Metaphase during Metaphase
of mitosisof mitosis
ProphaProphasese
MetaphaseMetaphase AnaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseTelophaseCytokinesisCytokinesis
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Mitosis AnimationMitosis AnimationName each stage as you see it Name each stage as you see it
occur?occur?
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Mitosis in Onion Root Mitosis in Onion Root TipsTips
Do you see any stages of mitosis?Do you see any stages of mitosis?
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Identify the StagesIdentify the Stages
Early, Middle, & Late Prophase Early, Middle, & Late Prophase
Late Late ProphaseProphase
MetaphaseMetaphase AnaphaseAnaphase
Late Late AnaphaseAnaphase
TelophaseTelophase Telophase & Telophase & CytokinesisCytokinesis
??
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Locate the Four Mitotic Locate the Four Mitotic Stages in PlantsStages in Plants
MetaphasMetaphasee
ProphaseProphase
AnaphaAnaphasese
TelophaseTelophase
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Uncontrolled Mitosis If mitosis is not If mitosis is not
controlledcontrolled, unlimited , unlimited cell division occurs cell division occurs causing causing cancerous cancerous tumorstumors
OncogenesOncogenes code for code for special proteins special proteins that increase the chance increase the chance that a normal cell that a normal cell develops into a develops into a tumor cell… tumor cell… genes genes that regulate cell that regulate cell divisiondivision
Cancer Cancer cellscells
CANCER = MITOSIS GONE AWRY
Cancer Animations
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Mitosis Yarn Lab• MAX 2 people per laminated sheet• You will only use cells A, B, and C for
today• See me if you need more yarn
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