Cellular and WirelessII [Compatibility Mode]

7/31/2019 Cellular and WirelessII [Compatibility Mode]

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Systems II

EmergingTechnologies


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Emerging Technologies Bluetooth 802.15.1a

is a technology in the personal area network (PAN)

Radio Frequency Identifier (RFID) is emerging as a leading technology in the logistics, manufacturing, and retail

industry

Wireless Broadband WiMax 802.16

is expected to be a mainstream technology very soon

Mobile IP

Allows data handoff over different sub-networks

IPv6

Is the next eneration internet rotocol

Java Card technology

Is emerging as a forerunner in the security and personal identity domain


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Bluetooth ,

unified Denmark and Norway in the 10th century

Allows users to make ad hoc wireless connections between

,

comperters without any cable

of range or beyond through walls, clothing and even luggage


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Bluetooth scatternet as a combination of Piconets

Printer

Headset

Mouse

Cellphone

Piconet 2

Cordless

handset

Piconet 1

Scatternet


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Bluetooth Protocol .

Medical) frequency band

There are 79 channels s aced 1 MHz a art from 2.402 GHz to

2.480 GHz

Bluetooth S ecial Interest Grou maintains and mana es bluetooth

standard IEEE has also adapted Bluetooth as the 802.15.1a standard

Power levels starting from 1 mW covering 10cm to 100mW

covering upto 100 meters It supports unicast (point-to-point) and multicast (point-to-

multipoint) connections


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Bluetooth Protocol

Upto 7 slaves devices can be set to communicate with a master

network in an ad hoc manner

as a member of another piconet


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Bluetooth Protocol Stack

(both direct sequence and frequency hopping spread

There are connectless (ACL-Asynchronous

onnec on ess n an connec on-or en e -Sychronous Connection-oriented Link) links

1. Bluetooth core Protocols

Baseband, Link Manager Protocol (LMP), Logical Link controlan A aptation Protoco (L AP), an ervice Discovery

Protocol (SDP)


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vCard/vCal WAE

OBEX WAPAT-

commandsTCS BIN SDP

IP

UDP TCP

RFCOMM

PPP

Audio

L2CAP

LMPHost Controller Interface

ase an

Bluetooth Radio


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Bluetooth Protocol stack

units forming a piconet.

ACL packets are used for data only, while the SCO packet can contain audio

only or a combination of audio and data

All audio and data packets can be provided with different levels of

Link Manager Protocol (LMP)

When the are in ran e, LMP of either device discover each other

Authentication, encryption

Link setup and negotiates baseband packet size Control power modes, connection state


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Bluetooth Protocol stack

Segmentation and reassembly

Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) enables a Bluetooth device

Inquires what services are available in a piconet and how to

access


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Bluetooth Protocol stack.

RFCOMM is a serial line communication protocol

-

baseband protocol

.

Telephony Control Protocol Binary TCS BIN is a bit oriented

rotocol

Defines the call control signaling protocol to setup of speech and data

calls between bluetooth devices

e nes mo ty management proce ures or an ng groups o

Bluetooth TCS devices

AT-Command

A set of AT-commands by which a mobile phone can be used andcontrolled as a modem for fax and data transfers


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Bluetooth Security , ,

A frequency-hopping scheme with 1600 hops/sece owes eve s o e pro oco s ac , ue oo uses e

publicly available cipher algorithm known as SAFER+ to

Different application verticals use their own security


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Bluetooth Application Models

particular usage model

File transfer: object types include .xls, .ppt, .wav, .jpg, .doc files, folders ordirectories or streaming media formats

Internet Bridge: mobile phone or cordless modem acts as modem to the PC,

rovidin dial-u networkin an d fax ca abilities without need for h sical

connection to the PC LAN Access: multiple data terminals use a LAN access point (LAP) as a wireless

Synchronization: a device-to-device synchronization of data

Headset: Handfree cellular phone usage in automobiles


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RFID

through radio frequency interfaces

The ob ect could be an entit in a manufacturin sho oods in

transit, item in a retail store, a vehicle in a parking lot, a pet, or a

book in a library

There are 6 basic frequencies on which RFID operates. 132.4 KHz, 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz, 918 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz

Low frequency (30 KHz to 500 KHz) systems

short reading ranges and lower system costs

Ta s are slow in data transfer and suitable for slow-movin ob ects

Security access, asset tracking and animal identification applications


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RFID Hi h fre uenc 850 MHz to 950 MHz and 2.4 GHz to 2.5GHz s stems

Long read ranges and high data transfer speeds

Fast moving objects like railway wagon tracking and identification of vehicles on freeways

for automated toll collection

Applications

Power-based grouping

Passive tags are generally in low frequeny ranges

It obtains operating power from the readers antenna

The data within a passive tag is read only and generally cannot be changed during opertion

It contains data usually 32 to128 bits long

Active tags are powered by an internal battery

Data within an active tag can be rewritten or modified

Memory can vary from a few bytes to 1MB

A tag migh give a machine a set of instructions, and the machine would then report its

performance to the tag


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RFID

or more

When an RFID ta asses throu h the electroma entic zone of the

reader, it detects the readers activation signal

The reader decodes the data encoded in the ta s inte rated circuit

and the data is passed to the host computer for processing A basic RFID system consists of

A transponder programmed with unique information (RFID tag)

A transceiver with decoder (a reader)

n an enna or co


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RFID

inductive coupling techniques

waves techniques

document-based systems operation at a carrier frequency of

ISO has already adopted international RFID standards for

,


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WiMax - -, ,

Figure 4.4

.

IEEE802.16.1 Air interface for 10 to 66 GHz

IEEE802.16.2 Coexistence of broadband wireless access systems

IEEE802.16.3 Air interface for licensed frequencies, 2 to 11 GHz

The physical layer

Specifies frequency band, the modulation scheme, error-correction

techniques, synchronization between transmitter and receiver, data rate and

the multi lexin structure


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WiMax

Responsible for transmitting data in frames and controlling

access to the shared wireless medium throu h media access

control layer

Defines how and when a base station or subscriber station ma

initiate transmission on the channel Convergence layer

Provides functions specific to the service being provided

For IEEE802.16.1, bearer services include digital audio/videomulticast, digital telephony, ATM, Internet access, wireless

trunks in telephone networks and frame relay


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WiMax

Supports FDD and TDD

in which modulation and coding options may be dynamically

assi ned on a burst-b -burst basis

MAC To accommodate both continuous and burst traffic

ARQ, and Mesh network architecture

Broadband mobile cellular s stem Figure 4.5: Moving BTS


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Mobile IP

device from one location to another and use the network

while stationar .

Mobile computing offers seamless computing facility even if

the user chan es the network

Mobile IP

and the users point of attachement changes dynamically, all

connections are maintained despite the chan e in underl innetwork properties


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Mobile IP

Source port and IP addresses

Destination port and IP addresses

Mobile IP allows the mobile node to use two IP addresses

Home address is static and known to everybody as the identity of the host

Care-of address, this changes at each new point of attachement and can bethought of as the mobile nodes location specific address

arranges to forward them to the mobile nodes current point of

attachment


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Mobile IP Whenever the mobile node moves it re isters its new care-of address with its

home agent

The home agent forwards the packet to the foreign network using the care-ofa ress

Tunneling, the new header with care-of address encapsulates the original

acket, causin the mobile nodes home address to have no im act on the

encapsulated packets routing Discovery

mo e no e uses a scovery proce ure to ent y prospect ve ome agents an

foreign agents

Registration A mobile node uses a registration procedure to inform its home agent of its care-of

address

Tunneling procedure is used to forward IP datagrams from a home address to a care-of address


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Mobile IP architectureM bile

Home

node A

Networkfor A

Forei n

34

NetworkHomeAgent

X2

AgentInternet

1 5

Server X


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Mobile IP

A router can detect whether a new mobile node has entered

into its network

The mobile node determines whether it is in a foreign network

For the ur ose of discover a router or an a ent eriodicall

issues a router advertisment ICMP message A router advertisement can carry information about default

routers and information about one or more care-of addresses

Or the mobile node can broadcast a solicitation that will beanswered by any foreign agent


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Mobile IP

The mobile node sends a registration request to the home agent

with the care-of address information

Home agent will update its routing table and reply an

acknowled e to the mobile node

Using 128-bit secret key and MD5 hashing algorithm, a digitalsignature is generated for authentication

Home address, care-of address, and registration lifetime is

maintained in the home agent which is called binding

Tunneling

IP-within-IP encapsulation mechanism is used


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IPv6

define the next generation IP protocol originally known as

IPN now renamed as IPv6

IPv6 uses 128 bit addresses

,

Site topology, typically 16 bit subnet number

Interface indentifier t icall an automaticall enerated 64 bit

number unique on the local LAN segment


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IPv6 security IPv6 comes native with a securit rotocol called IPSec

IPSec protocol is a standards-based method of providing privacy, integrity and

authenticity to information transferred across IP networks Diffie-Hellman key exchange mechanism for deriving key between peers on a public

network

Public key cryptography to guarantee the identity of the two parties and avoid man-

in-the-middle attacks

Bulk encryption algorithms, such as 3DES, for encrypting the data

Ke ed hash al orithm, such as HMAC, combined with traditional has al orithms such

as MD5 or SHA for providing packet authentication

Digitla certificates signed by a certificate authority to act as digital ID cards

-


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IPv6

Packet is attached a tag for customizing the quality of service

Network components: Routers upgrading or using IP tunneling,

Computing nodes: Operating system upgrades

Networkin a lications: Portin of the a lications from IPv4

to IPv6 environment


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Java Card

Smart card is a plastic card with intelligence and memory

s an ar s

ISO 7816-1 defines physical characteristic of the card

- : mens ons an oca ons o e con ac s

ISO 7816-3: electronic signals and transmission protocols

- : n er n us ry omman s or n erc ange


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Java Card

A microprocessor and a memory chip or

Only a memory chip with non-programmable logic

A microprocessor card

An intelligence program resident within the card which can add, delete, and

otherwise manipulate information on the card

A memory card can store some information for some pre-defined

Smart card are capable of carrying data, functions, and

Unlike memory strip cards, they do not require access to remote

databases at the time of the transaction


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Java Card ,

interoperability

All the micro rocessor based smart card now offer ava APIframework on the smart card

3GPP has decided to use Java Card as the standard for USIM and

ICC (Integrated Circuit cards) Productivity, security, robustness, tools, and portability

JVM, the language definition, and the core packages have been

made more compact to bring Java technology to the resourceconstrained smart card


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Java Card

functionalities may typically have

8 to 16 bit microprocessor running at speed between 5 MHz to 40 MHzwith 32K to 128K bytes of EEPROM

Using proactive SIM technology of GSM Phase 2+, the application on the

Java Card technology supports OTA (Over the air) downloads

,

downloaded by the network operator proactively or by the user

interactively over the wireless media Applications written for the Java Card platform are referred to as

applets


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Java Card

two parts

-

execute at runtime, such as class loading, bytecode verification,

resolution and linkin , and o timization

Runs on-card: JCVM, Java card runtime environment (JCRE),and the Java API


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Architecture of Java card applications

development process

Java program Compile

Class

files CAP

-

VM

Converter

File

Export

files Installer

Interpreter

On-card

VM


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Java Card application development process

The converter will convert class files into a format downloable

into the smart card Ensures the byte code validity before the application is installed into the card

Conversion b the off-card VM into CAP Converted APlet

format The applet is transferred into the card using the installer


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Java Card application development process

-

API classes

CRE erforms additional runtime securit checks throu h a letfirewall

A let firewall artitions the ob ects stored into se arate

protected object spaces, called contexts Controls the access to shareable interfaces of these objects

A Java card applet is not intended to run within an Internet

browser environment


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Backup


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re ess ensor etwor ,

Low cost, low power disposal devices

ac ev ce o s sens ng, memory, an commun ca on

module

ower contro s a ma or c a enge

Applications??


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Cellular and WirelessII [Compatibility Mode]

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