CELLS & TISSUES Chapter 3 – Pgs. 42-59
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Transcript of CELLS & TISSUES Chapter 3 – Pgs. 42-59
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CELLS & TISSUESChapter 3 – Pgs. 42-59
Cells vary in size, shape, and function; the shape is closely related to function
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Composition of CellNucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Mebrane
Cytoplasmic organelles perform specific function, but the nucleus controls the overall activities of the cell
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Cell Membrane (fluid mosaic)Fig. 3-1
forms outermost boundary selectively permeable – controls
movement of substances into and out of cells
mainly phospholipids but also includes proteins, & carbohydrates
molecules lipid soluble will pass easily; barrier to water soluble substances
proteins function as receptors or form channels
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Cytoplasm is the area between nucleus and cell membrane, contains organelles – Fig. 3-2, Table 3-1, ***Know functions of each organelle***
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Nucleus Enclosed in double layered (pores)
nuclear envelope that controls the movement of substances between the nucleus& cytoplasm
Nucleolus is a dense body of protein & RNA that functions in the production of ribosomes
Chromatin is composed of loosely coiled fibers of protein and DNA that condenses into the structures known as chromosomes during cell division
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Movements through cell membranes
Passive transport – no energy required, substances move from an area of high concentration to low concentration (concentration gradient) – Fig. 3-2 diffusion
- scattering of molecules or ions from high concentration to low concentration
- responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body
- rate of diffusion can be increased by short distance, high concentration of diffusion molecules, low molecular weight, & high temperature
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdiJtDRJQEc (osmosis animation)
facilitated diffusion – carrier molecules (usually proteins) transport a substance from [high] to [low]
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Osmosis – H2O molecules move from [high] to [low] through a
selectively permeable membrane – (Clinical Application pg. 54)
isotonic – a solution that neither gains or loses H2O, has the same concentration of solutes as the solution with which it is being compared
hypertonic – a solution that gains H2O because it has a higher concentration of solutes than the solution with which it is being compared
hypotonic – a solution that loses H2O because it has a lower concentration of solutes than the solution with which it is being compared
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemolysis_and_crenation.html (animation of isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions)
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Filtration – forced – movement of molecules from regions of higher hydrostatic pressure to lower hydrostatic pressure
blood pressure causes filtration of H2O & dissolved substances through porous capillary walls
urine formation – nephrons of kidney
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Filtration
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Active Transport – requires energy (ATP) and involves the action of carrier molecules in the cell membrane; moves substance “up the concentration gradient”; from [low] to [high] – Table 3-3
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Active Transport – requires energy (ATP) and involves the action of carrier molecules in the cell membrane; moves substance “up the concentration gradient”; from [low] to [high] – Table 3-3 Permease (pump systems) – protein
driven transport systems – Fig. 3-4 Endocytosis – cells take in large
molecules from their surrounding Phagocytosis – large molecules, ex. – white
blood cell engulfing bacteria Pinocytosis – water and small molecules
Exocytosis – cells release materials
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Sodium Potassium Pump
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1w10R9lv7eQ (endocytosis & exocytosis)
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Cell Reproduction & Heredity
Mitosis – a parent cell divides once to produce two genetically identical daughter cells; daughter cells contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell; both are diploid in chromosome number (2n)
Meiosis – a parent cell divides twice to produce four cells (gametes) that contain a haploid (n) number of chromosomes; “male” & “female” gametes fuse at fertilization to produce a zygote (2n)
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Cell Cycle – Interphase and Mitotic Phase (mitosis & cytokinesis) – Fig. 3-6
Interphase – cell grows and “does its specific job”, chromosomes are replicated (duplicated) during this phase
Mitosis – division of the chromosomes – Table 3-5 **Know**
Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm
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Mitosis
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Meiosis
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DNA & RNA carry genetic information
DNA – double helix, sugar is deoxyriboseadenine (purine) – thymine
(pyrimadine)guanine(purine) – cytosine
(pyrimadine)
RNA – Single stranded, sugar is ribose, uracil (pyrimadine) replaces thymine
Gene – a segment of a chromosome that is made up of specific base pairs and codes for proteins
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Protein Synthesis transcription – synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
translation – the assembly of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain, in a sequence specified by the order of nucleotide in a molecule of mRNA
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