CELLS & the ORGANELLESProkaryote vs. EukaryoteAnimal vs. PlantCells

Cells

Life is OrganizedAtomsC,H,N,O,P,SMoleculesOrganellesCellsTissuesOrgansOrgan SystemsOrganismSpeciesPopulationCommunityEcosystemBiomeEx: Tundra, desert, temperate forestBiosphere

Smallest / most simpleLargest / most complex

Early MicroscopesRobert Hooke (1665) Coined the term cell (Why?) looking at cork, he saw little boxes Is cork alive?

Anton von Leeuwenhoek (1674) saw living cells in pond waterCells

Cells

Cell DiscoveriesMatthias Schleiden (1838) Plants are made of cells

Theodor Schwann (1839)Animals are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow (1855) Saw dividing cells new living cells come frompre-existing cellsCells

Cells

The Cell Theory

1. All living things made of cells.

2. Cell are the basic unit of structure & function for life.

3. Cells can only arise from pre-existing living cells

Cells

Cells

Types of OrganismsUnicellular organisms living organisms that are composed of only ONE cellExamples: bacteria, algae, protists, yeast

Multicellular organisms any organism that is made of MORE THAN ONE cellEvolved laterCells

Cells

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Prokaryotic CellsDNA not bound by a membrane no true nucleusUsually smaller, simpleNearly all unicellular No membrane bound parts (organelles)Ex: bacteriaRead Section 6.3Eukaryotic CellsDNA is bound by a membrane bound nucleusLarger, complex, has internal organizationHave internal membrane bound structures = organellesEx: you, plants, algae

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRO-DPyB9Bk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRO-DPyB9Bk

Cells

Cells

Basic Structures For ALL CellsCell membraneSurround the cell barrier between inside and environmentCytoplasmContains water and organellesDNAInstructions for the cell to carry outRibosomesMakes proteinsCells

Cells

OrganellesVery small sizeHave specific functions Create specificity of cellsEX: muscle cells have more mitochondria than skin cellsFound throughout cytoplasmExamples: Nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts (plants only), vacuoles, cytoskeleton, centrioles (Animal only)

Cells

Cells

Cells

Cells

Cells

Cells

The Nucleus:Control center of the cell, houses genetic materialCells

Cells

NucleolusIs a small dense region in the nucleus

Makes ribosomes, which make proteinsCells

Cells

RIBOSOMESFree floating in cytoplasmorAttached to ER

reads RNA code from DNA to assemble proteinsprotein factoryCells

Cells

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMInternal passageway within the cellCan be Rough or Smooth Rough has ribosomes attached protein synthesisSmooth has no ribosomes membrane lipid synthesis, detoxification, cholesterol metabolismCells

Cells

GOLGI APPARATUSModifies, sorts, packages proteins coming from ERDestination of products storage in cell export out of cellCustomizesAdds lipids, carbs to proteins Cells

Cells

LYSOSOMESSmall, enzyme-filled organellesDigests material for use or disposalOnly common in animals but recent evidence suggest they are in plants as wellCells

Cells

MITOCHONDRIAConvert food into usable energy

Have an outer & inner membrane

Has its own DNA!Inherited from your momCells

Cells

CHLOROPLASTSCapture sunlight & convert it to energyPhotosynthesis make their own foodGreen plants and some algae

Have 2 membranes

Contain the green pigment chlorophyllHas its own DNA!Cells

Cells

VACUOLESStores materials

Water, salts, protein, carbsLargest in plantsGives turgor pressure

Larger in plantsCells

Cells

CYTOSKELETONStructural support& transport

MICROFILAMENTSActin threadlike protein

MICROTUBULESTubulins proteinbasis of cilia & flagellaCells

Cells

CENTRIOLESHelp in the process of cell division

Only in AnimalsCells

Cells

PLANTS V. ANIMALSCELL WALLS made of celluloseLARGER VACUOLECHLOROPLASTSCENTRIOLESSmaller or No vacuolesCells

Cells

Colonies

Cells ChlamydomonasVolvox Volvox is a colony of individual cells. Each cell of a Volvox resembles a Chlamydomonas (a one-celled organism). Volvox cells coordinate the beating of their flagella so that the movement is not random through water. - shows cooperation among cellsColonies a group of unicellular microorganisms living togetherIf colony attaches to a solid surface = biofilmVS

Cells

Colonies of BacteriaCells

Cells

Cell to Cell ConnectionsCells in same tissue communicate with each other through junctionsTight junction : membranes are fused, stitched together; no passageDesmosomes: protein fibers that anchor in cytoplasm of neighboring cells allow passage of materialsGap junction : Channels formed by donut-shaped proteins btwn cells ; yes passagePits & Plasmodesmata : (plants) cell walls perforated with pits, strands of cytoplasm (plasmodesmata) run through pits connecting cellsCells

Cells

Cells

Cells

Cell to Cell ConnectionsCells

Cells

Extracellular MatrixSolution of macromolecules (proteins & carbs) that surround cells in a tissueSecreted by the cell itself to the space outsideHolds cells togetherAllows them to migrate & interactMay regulate behavior in cellsEx: collagenCells

Cells

Cells Division of Labor In Multicellular OrganismsCells

Tissues a group of cells working together

Organs a group of tissues working together

Organ System a group of organs working together

Organism a group of organ systems working together

Differentiation when cells take on a specific role

Cells

*Another common way of stating that life is made of cells is to say that life is organized.Species are capable of interbreeding, populations are made up of same species***********************http://bama.ua.edu/~hsmithso/class/bsc_495/connections/connect_lit.html if you want to go REALLY in depth!**TJ, GJD, Phttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3532 : good explanation of extracellular matrix*