The cell Cell theory: All living things contain cells. All cells come from other cells.
CELLS THE CELL THEORY. THE TENETS OF THE CELL THEORY ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS...
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Transcript of CELLS THE CELL THEORY. THE TENETS OF THE CELL THEORY ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS...
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CELLS
THE CELL THEORY
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THE TENETS OF THE CELL THEORY
• ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS
• THE CELL IS THE STRUCTURAL UNIT OF LIFE
• CELLS CAN ARISE ONLY BY DIVISION FROM A PREEXISTING CELL.
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CELLS
EUKARYOTIC VS PROKARYOTIC
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CHARACTERISTICS
• SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO COMMON ANCESTORS
• DIFFERING CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO EVOLUTION
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SIMILARITIES
• CELL MEMBRANES
• GENETIC INFORMATION
• TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
• METABOLIC PATHWAYS
• ENERGY CONSERVATION
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• SIMILAR ENZYMES
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DIFFERENCES
• COMPLEXITY OF CHROMOSOMES
• DIVISION OF CELLS– MEIOSIS/MITOSIS
• LIPID MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
• MITOCHONDRIA/CHLOROPLASTS
• CYTOSKELETON
• CILIA• ENDOCYTOSIS &
EXOCYTOSIS• CELLULOSE/CHITIN IN
CELL WALLS• DIPLOIDY• RNA POLYMERASES• SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
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KARYON = NUCLEUS
• PRO = BEFORE • EU = TRUE
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CYTOPLASM
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PROKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
• NON MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
• NUCLEOID• PLASMIDS• RIBOSOMES• INCLUSION BODIES
– SOME
• MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
• PLASMA MEMBRANE– LIPID
– MESOSOMES
• INCLUSION BODIES– SOME
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EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES• BOUND BY LIPID
MEMBRANES• MITOCHONDRIA• CHLOROPLASTS• LYSOSOMES• ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM• GOLGI APPARATUS• PLASMA MEMBRANE• NUCLEUS• MICROBODIES• VACUOLES/VESSICLES
• NOT BOUND BY LIPID MEMBRANES
• RIBOSOMES• CENTRIOLES• BASAL BODIES• CYTOSKELETON
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CELL DIVISION
• EUKARYOTE• DIVISION OF THE
NUCLEUS– MITOSIS– MEIOSIS
• DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM– CYTOKINESIS– BINARY FISSION– BUDDING
• PROKARYOTE• NO NUCLEUS• BINARY FISSION• BUDDING
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MITOSIS/BINARY FISSION
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MITOSIS/BUDDING
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MITOSIS/CYTOKINESIS
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PROKARYOTIC BINARY FISSION
• http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_2.html
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PROKARYOTIC BUDDING
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SEXUAL RECOMBINATION
• EUKARYOTES– MEIOSIS
• PROKARYOTES– TRANSDUCTION
– TRANSFORMATION
– CONJUGATION
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
EUKARYOTIC VS PROKARYOTIC
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THE PROKARYOTES
KINGDOM MONERA
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GENERALIZED STRUCTURE
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CELLULAR APPENDAGES
• COMMON BUT NOT FOUND ON ALL SPECIES
• FLAGELLA AND AXIAL FILAMENTS
• FIMBRIAE AND PILI
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ATTACHMENTS FOR MOTILITY
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FLAGELLA
• EXTREMELY THIN• PROVIDES
MOTILITY• FILAMENT• HOOK• BASAL BODY• ROTATES 360
DEGREES
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FLAGELLAR ARRANGEMENTS
MONOTRICHOUS,
LOPHOTICHOUS,
AMPHITRICHOUS,
PERITRICHOUS
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MONOTRICHOUS
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LOPHOTRICHOUS
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AMPHITRICHOUS
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PERITRICHOUS
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SWIMMING SPEED OF BACTERIA
• POLAR FLAGELLATED--THIOSPIRILLUM, PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
• PERITRICHOUS--ESCHERICIA COLI
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BACTERIAL FLAGELLA AND TAXONOMY
• NUMBER AND PLACEMENT CAN HELP IDENTIFY SPECIES
• SPECIAL STAINS OR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
• MOTILITY MEDIUM
• HANGING DROP SLIDE
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CHEMOTAXIS
• RESPOND TO CHEMICAL SIGNALS
• POSITIVE TOWARD
• NEGATIVE AWAY
• DETECTION OF CHEMICALS IS LINKED TO FLAGELLA
• CELL IS DRIVEN CLOCKWISE IN RUNS AND TUMBLES
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CHEMOTAXIS
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INTERNAL FLAGELLA
• SPIROCHETES
• AXIAL FILAMENTS
• MODIFIED FLAGELLUM
• ENCLOSED IN PERIPLASMIC SPACE
• ENDOFLAGELLUM
• GIVE TWISTING OR FLEXING MOTION
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APPENDAGES FOR ATTACHMENT AND MATING
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FIMBRIAE
• SMALL BRISTLE FIBERS
• COMPOSITION VARIES
• STICKY
• ALLOW ADHESION OF PATHOGENS
• ESCHERICIA COLI, & NEISSERIA GONORRHEAE
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PILI
• SEX PILUS
• ELONGATED, RIGID, TUBULAR
• PILIN
• GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
• CONJUGATION
• PRODUCTION IS CONTROLLED GENETICALLY
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THE CELL ENVELOPE
EVERYTHING OUTSIDE PROTOPLASM
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THE GLYCOCALYX
• PROTECTS CELL FROM SEVERE ENVIRONMENTS
• DIFFERS GREATLY IN COMPOSITION, THICKNESS, AND ORGANIZATION
• SLIME LAYER• CAPSULE• NOT ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL TO
SURVIVAL
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CAPSULES
• STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
• HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
• BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
• USUALLY MORE PATHOGENIC
• AVOID PHAGOCYTES
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VARIATION IN THE GLYCOCALYX
• PLAQUE ON TEETH• COLONIZERS OF
PLASTIC, METAL
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CELL WALL• IMMEDIATELY BELOW
GLYCOCALYX• DETERMINES SHAPE OF
CELL• PREVENTS BURSTING AND
COLLAPSE• MOST HAVE
PEPTIDOGLYCAN• PENICILLIN,
CEPHALOSPORIN, LYSOZYME, ALCOHOL AND DETERGENTS TARGET
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GRAM STAINING
• DIVIDES INTO TWO MAJOR GROUPS
• GRAM NEGATIVE • GRAM POSITIVE
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GRAM POSITIVE STAIN
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IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENCES
• GRAM NEGATIVE MORE IMPERVIOUS TO SOME ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMICALS
• GRAM NEGATIVE HARDER TO KILL• ALCOHOL IS EXCEPTION• REQUIRES DIFFERENT TREATMENT
OF GRAM NEGATIVE AND GRAM POSITIVE DISEASES
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CELL MEMBRANE
• BELOW CELL WALL
• LIPID BILAYER • PROTEINS
EMBEDDED• 30-40%
PHOSPHOLIPIDS• 60-70% PROTEINS
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MESOSOMES
• MESOSOMES-EXTENSIONS INTO CYTOPLASM
• PROMINENT IN GRAM +
• INCREASE SURFACE AREA
• MAY BE ARTIFACTS
• MAY HAVE ROLE IN DIVISION AND WALL SYNTHESIS
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MESOSOME FUNCTION
• ENERGY REACTIONS
• NUTRIENT PROCESSING & SYNTHESIS
• REGULATE TRANSPORT
• SECRETION
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INTERNAL STRUCTURES
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CHROMATIN BODIES
• SINGLE STRAND OF DNA
• NUCLEOID REGION• NO HISTONES• HAPLOID
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PLASMIDS
• NOT ESSENTIAL
• EXTRACHROMOSOMAL
• CAN BE FREE OR INCORPORATED INTO CHROMOSOME
• CONFER PROTECTIVE TRAITS
• DRUG RESISTANCE
• TOXIN & ENZYME PRODUCTION
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RIBOSOMES
• IN CYTOPLASM• POLYSOMES • ATTACHED TO
MESOSOMES AND MEMBRANE
• 60% rRNA & 40% PROTEIN
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RIBOSOMES
• 30s & 50 s SUBUNITS
• CLASSIFIED BY SVEDBERG UNITS
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INCLUSION BODIES
• VARY IN SIZE, NUMBER & CONTENT
• PROTEIN LAYER MEMBRANE
• GLYCOGEN
• POLYBETAHYDROXYBUTRYRATE
• GAS VACUOLES
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POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE
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GRANULES
• SULFUR GRANULES
• POLYHYDROXYBUTRATE GRANULES
• PHOSPHATE GRANULES
• METACHROMATIC GRANULES
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SULFUR GRANULES
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POLYPHOSPHATE GRANULES
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GAS VACUOLES
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ENDOSPORES
• BACILLUS, CLOSTRIDIUM & SPOROSARCINA
• VEGETATIVE CELL & ENDOSPORE
• VALUABLE IN CLASSIFYING BACTERIA
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ENDOSPORE GERMINATION
• REVITALIZE WHEN FAVORABLE CONDITIONS REAPPEAR
• BREAK DORMANCY• NEEDS WATER, SPECIFIC CHEMICAL,
ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULUS• OCCURS RAPIDLY• ENZYMES FROM SPORE DIGEST CORTEX • REVERTS TO VEGETATIVE CELL
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BACTERIAL SHAPES
• ROUND--COCCUS
• ROD--BACILLUS• SPIRAL--
SPIRILLUM
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PLEOMORPHISM
• VARIATIONS IN SHAPE
• INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS IN CELL WALLS
• CAUSED BY NUTRITIONAL OR GENETIC DIFFERENCES
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EUKARYOTES CELLS
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• ABOUT 2 BILLION YEARS AGO
• EVOLVED FROM PROKARYOTIC SYMBIONTS
• SINGLE CELLED
• INDEPENDENT
• SOME FORMED COLONIES AND FILAMENTS
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FORM AND STRUCTURE
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CYTOPLASM
• EVERYTHING BETWEEN CELL MEMBRANE AND NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
• ORGANELLES
• CYTOSOL
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NUCLEOPLASM
• MATERIAL IN NUCLEUS
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• PARALLEL • FLAT • THIN POUCHES• ROUGH E.R.• SMOOTH E.R.
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SMOOTH ER
• RESPONSIBLE FOR LIPID METABOLISM
• SITE OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE ANABOLISM
• DETOXIFICATION
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ROUGH E.R.• ORIGINATES FROM OUTER
PART OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
• CONTINUOUS LABYRINTH
• MAY REACH CELL MEMBRANE
• STUDDED WITH RIBOSOMES
• MAKES PROTEINS FOR EXPORT
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RIBOSOMES
• FREE • BOUND• POLYRIBOSOMES
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POLYRIBOSOMES
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RIBOSOMAL STRUCTURE
• 60s RIBOSOME• 40s RIBOSOME• PRODUCED IN
NUCLEOLUS
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80 s RIBOSOME SUBUNIT
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40 s RIBOSOME SUBUNIT
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GOLGI COMPLEX
• SAC LIKE • TO ONE SIDE OF
NUCLEUS • CISTERNAE• SIMILAR TO E.R.• MODIFIES,
PACKAGES, SHIPS
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LYSOSOMES
• SAC OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES
• INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION OF FOOD PARTICLES
• PROTECTION AGAINST INVADERS
• REMOVAL OF DEBRIS
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MICROBODIES
• CONTAIN OXIDATIVE ENZYMES
• PROMOTE MANY METABOLIC REACTIONS
• PEROXISOMES ONE EXAMPLE
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MITOCHONDRIA
• ENERGY SUPPLIER• VARIOUS SHAPES• SMOOTH
CONTINUOUS OUTER MEMBRANE
• INNER FOLDED MEMBRANE
• CRISTAE
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CRISTAE
• SITE OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
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MATRIX
• SITE OF ENZYMES OF TCA CYCLE
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INTERMEMBRANOUS SPACE
• SITE OF PREPRATORY REACTION– FORMATION OF
ACETYL CoA FROM PYRUVATE
• SITE OF BETA OXIDATION– CONVERSION OF
FATTY ACIDS TO ACETYL CoA
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OUTER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
• PERMEABLE TO PYRUVATE
• NOT TO NADH
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MITOCHONDRIAL GENETICS
• OWN DNA• OWN RIBOSOMES
(70s)• POOL OF ENZYMES • INDEPENDENT
DIVISION
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PLASTIDS
CHLOROPLASTS, LEUKOPLASTS, AND
CHROMOPLASTS
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CHLOROPLASTS
• ALGAE • PLANTS• CONVERT
SUNLIGHT TO CHEMICAL ENERGY
• PRODUCE OXYGEN
• CHLORPHYLL• CAROTENOIDS
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• CHLAMYDOMONAS • PLANT CELL
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LEUKOPLASTS
• STORAGE OF STARCH OR OTHER MATERIALS
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CHROMOPLASTS
• CONTAIN PIGMENTS
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CYTOSKELETON
• ANCHORING ORGANELLES
• PROVIDING SUPPORT
• PERMITS SHAPE CHANGES
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MICROTUBULES• LONG HOLLOW
TUBULES
• MAINTAIN SHAPE OF CELLS WITHOUT WALLS
• TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES IN CELL
• SPINDLE FIBERS
• FLAGELLA & CILIA
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MICROFILAMENTS
• THIN PROTEIN STRANDS
• FORM NETWORK• MOVEMENT OF
CYTPOLASM• AMEBOID
MOVEMENT
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INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
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CENTRIOLES, CILIA AND FLAGELLA
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CENTRIOLES
• ASSOCIATED WITH NUCLEAR DIVISION
• FOUND IN CENTROSOME
• HOLLOW ROD OF NINE SETS OF MICTOTUBULES
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CILIA & FLAGELLA
• MOTILITY• PROTOZOA• MANY ALGAE• SOME FUNGAL
PROTISTS• SOME ANIMAL
CELLS
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FLAGELLA • THICKER• LONG SHEATHED
CYLINDER• MICROTUBULES• 9 +2 ARRANGEMENT• SLIDE OVER ONE
ANOTHER• WHIPLIKE MOVEMENT• REQUIRES ENERGY• CELL MEMBRANE
COORDINATES
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BASAL BODIES
• FOUND AT BASE OF CILIA AND FLAGELLA
• SIMILAR STRUCTURE TO CENTRIOLE
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CILIA
• SHORTER• MORE NUMEROUS• CILATES &
ANIMAL CELLS• MOTILITY,
FEEDING & FILTERING
• 2, 500 MICRONS PER SECOND
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VESICLES &VACUOLES
• STORAGE• FATS• GLYCOGEN• CONTRACTILE
VACUOLES CONTROL OSMOTIC PRESSURE
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NUCLEUS
• LARGEST ORGANELLE
• SURROUNDED BY NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
• PORES• NULEOPLASM• CHROMATIN• NUCLEOLUS
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NUCLEOLUS
• DEVELOPS AROUND THE NUCLEAR ORGANIZER
• SYNTHESIS OF RIBOSOMAL RNA
• USUALLY DISAPPEARS DURING CELL DIVISION
• MAY BE MORE THAN ONE IN NUCLEUS
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GENETIC MATERIAL
• CHROMATIN• CHROMATID• CHROMOSOMES
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CHROMATIN
• IRREGULAR NETWORK OF STRANDS
• HISTONE PROTEIN AND UNCOILED DNA
• TRANSCRIPTION OR DUPLICATION MAY BE OCCURRING
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EUCHROMATIN VS HETEROCHROMATIN
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CHROMATIDS
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CHROMOSOMES
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CHROMOSOMAL NUMBER
• SPECIFC # OF CHROMOSOMES
• 2 SETS OF EACH--DIPLOID
• 1 SET OF EACH --HAPLOID
• MITOSIS• MEIOSIS
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IMPORTANCE OF THE NUCLEUS
• NUCLEUS GOVERNS CELL ACTIVITIES
• DOES THROUGH RIBOSOMES, ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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GLYCOCALYX• OUTER MOST BOUNDARY
• POLYSACCHARIDES
• NETWORK OF FIBERS
• SLIME LAYER
• CAPSULE
• PROTECTION
• ADHERANCE
• SIGNALRECEPTION
• VARY GREATLY
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CELL WALL
• RIGID
• STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
• THICK INNER LAYER OF POLYSACCHARIDE FIBERS
• CHITIN OR CELLULOSE
• THIN OUTER LAYER OF GLYCANS
• PECTINS, MANNANS, MINERALS
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PLASMODESMATA
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COMPONENTS OF THE CELL WALL
• CHITIN OR CELLULOSE
• PECTINS, MANNANS AND MINERALS
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CELLULOSE
• LONG POLYSACCHARIDE CHAIN
• ACTS LIKE REBAR IN CONCRETE
• LIGNIN MAY BE PRESENT TO HELP REINFORCE
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CHITIN
• POLYSACCHARIDE• FOUND IN FUNGAL
CELL WALLS• FOUND IN
EXOSKELETON OF INSECTS
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CHITIN
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PROTISTS
• SOME FUNGAL PROTISTS HAVE A MIXTURE OF CHITIN AND CELLULOSE
• SOME PROTISTS HAVE A PELLICLE– CELL WALL LIKE
STRUCTURE
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PELLICLE
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ANIMALS DO NOT HAVE CELL WALLS
• TUNICATES DO HAVE A CELLULOSE SKELETON BUT IT IS NOT A CELL WALL
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CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
• TYPICAL BILAYER• STEROLS• CONFER
STABILITY• SELECTIVELY
PERMEABLE• 60 - 80 % OF CELL
VOLUME IS ORGANELLES
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JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES
• TIGHT JUNCTIONS
• DESMOSOMES
• HEMIDESMOSOMES
• GAP JUNCTIONS
• PLASMODESMATA
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TIGHT JUNCTIONS
• FUSION OF OUTERMOST PORTION OF MEMBRANE
• BRAIN• DIGESTIVE TRACT• TESTES
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DESMOSOMES
• MEMBRANE CLOSE TOGETHER
• PLAQUES IN BOTH CELLS
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HEMIDESMOSOMES
• CELLS CLOSE TOGETHER
• PLAQUE ONLY IN ONE CELL
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PLASMODESMATA
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GAP JUNCTIONS
• SEPARATE CELLS BUT CLOSE TOGETHER
• CHANNELS BETWEEN CELLS
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COMPARISON OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
PLANT, ANIMAL, AND FUNGAL CELLS
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PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
• CELL WALL• PLASTIDS• VACUOLES• NO CENTRIOLES
• NO CELL WALL• NO PLASTIDS• VESSICLES• CENTRIOLES
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