CellsStructure and Function

Cell Structure & Function

Cell Part Function Plant/Animal/ Both?

Cell Wall Provides cell with structure & holds it upright Plant

Cell Membrane Separates the cell from the outside environment Both

Mitochondria Breaks down food molecules for energy to sustain the cell Both

Chloroplast Uses energy from the sun to make food; makes plants appear green Plant

Vacuole Stores water and other materials Both (smaller in animal)

Ribosome Where proteins are made in the cell Both

Lysosome Digests food particles, wastes and foreign particles Both

Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid which holds the organelles in the cell Both

Nucleus Contains DNA and is the control center for the cell Both

Euglena Paramecium Amoeba Volvox

How do they eat? AutotrophPhotosynthesis through eye-

spot

HeterotrophicUsing oral groove to pass food through contractile

vacuoleHeterotrophic

Engulfs food by oozingAutotrophic

Photosynthesis

How do they move?

Flagellum Cilia

Oozing- cytoplasmic streaming with pseudopods

Flagellum

How do they reproduce?

asexually asexually asexually asexually and sexually

Do they live alone or in colonies?

alone alone alone colonies

Illustration

Asexual Sexual

Number of parents

1 2

Are offspring genetically identical or varied?

identical Varied

Rate of reproduction (fast or slow)

Rapid Slow

Types of each

Budding, Regeneration, Binary Fission Animals

Examples of organisms

Starfish, Bacteria, Hydra Humans and animals

Mitosis Meiosis

Type of cell (haploid or diploid)

Diploid (2n) Haploid (1n)

What type of cell(s) does it produce?

2 identical daughter cells

4 sperm Or

1 egg and 3 polar bodies

Number of parent cell(s)

One Two

Number of cell divisions

One Two

The Cell CycleI. Interphase- Most of the life of the cell. The cell grows, makes a copy of his DNA, and prepares to divide into 2 daughter cells.

II. Cell Division- division of the cell

A. Mitosis- division of the nucleus

1. Prophase-DNA in the nucleus condenses & becomes visible. The membrane around the nucleus disappears

2. Metaphase- Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

3. Anaphase-Chromosomes split and are pulled onto separate sides of the cell

4. Telophase- New nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes. Chromosomes return to their threadlike form

B. Cytokinesis- Division of the cytoplasm. Two new daughter cell form. Each are genetically identical to their parent cell, but smaller

Genetics and Punnett Squares Dominant- describes an allele that determines the phenotype of an individual organism when two different copies are present in the genotype Recessive-describes an allele that is not expressed when combined with a dominant form of the gene Heterozygous- having different pairs of alleles for the same characteristic Homozygous-having identical pairs of alleles for the same characteristic Genotype- the name for the genes an organism has Phenotype- the physical features of an organism

Example: In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b).  Give the genotype of a heterozygous black rabbit: _____________ Give the phenotype of a homozygous brown rabbit: ____________ If a heterozygous black rabbit and a brown rabbit were crossed, what is the probability that their offspring will be brown? Show your work.