Cells!. Have we always known about cells? No, they are too small to see with just our eyes. First,...
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Transcript of Cells!. Have we always known about cells? No, they are too small to see with just our eyes. First,...
![Page 1: Cells!. Have we always known about cells? No, they are too small to see with just our eyes. First, we needed the invention of the microscope to see things.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e165503460f94b0042e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cells!
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Have we always known about cells?
No, they are too small to see with just our eyes.
First, we needed the invention of the microscope to see things this small.
![Page 3: Cells!. Have we always known about cells? No, they are too small to see with just our eyes. First, we needed the invention of the microscope to see things.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e165503460f94b0042e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Compound microscope Specimen is magnified as light passes through several lenses.
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Robert Hooke: English Scientist:
observed cork with a microscope. He thought the box-like structures he saw
looked like jail cells…
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Anton Van Leewuenhooke:
Discovered bacteria, protizoa, and other microscopic organisms.
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Electron Microscope
Some things are so small light waves totally miss them. Waves from electrons are used to “see” these very small objects.
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Blood as seen with compound microscope
Blood seen with electron microscope
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Pollen
Foot of house fly
Staple in Paper
Moth scales
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Cell Theory:
Cells are the basic unit of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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Exceptions to the cell theory
The First Cell could not have arisen from a pre-existing cell.
Viruses are not composed of cells but do contain genetic material.
Although considered organelles, Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain genetic material and can reproduce inside a cell.
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Two types of cells
Prokaryotic cells: Lack membrane bound structures such as a nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Pro = before Karyotic = nucleus
Examples: Bacteria
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Notice… no nucleus, no mitochondria, no chloroplasts
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Eukaryotic cells
Have membrane bound structures such as a nucleus, mitochondria…
Eu = true Karyotic = nucleus
Examples: all other cells
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Cell Size Prokaryotic/bacteria: very small… 1 to 10
micrometers Eukaryotic: bigger… from 10 to 100
micrometers Chicken egg cell = 6 cm (the whole egg) Nerve cell = 1 meter long Human egg cell = 100 micrometers Red blood cell = 9 micrometers Skin cell = 20 micrometers
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White blood cell and bacteria
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Cell size and surface area
Length of side (cm)
1 cm 3 cm
Total surface area (cm2)
Total volume (cm3)
Surface are to volume ratio
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Cell size and surface area
Length of side (cm)
1 cm 3 cm
Total surface area (cm2)
1cm2 x 6 sides = 6cm2
9cm2 x 6 sides = 54 cm2
Total volume (cm3)
1x1x1 = 1cm3 3x3x3 = 27cm3
Surface are to volume ratio
6:1 54:27 = 2:1
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Structural heirarchy: Atoms: elements = carbon, hydrogen Molecules: water, glucose Organelles: nucleus, ribosome Cells: muscle cell, blood cell Tissue: fat tissue, bone tissue Organ: Stomach, lung Organ system: digestive system Organism: us
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Cell Organelles 1. Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
– Function: selectively permiable, keeps contents of cell in
– Structure: phospholipid bilayer
– In both plant and animal cells
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Cytoplasm Function: site of many chemical
reactions, gives cell its shape
Structure: gel like substance made of 80% water.
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Nucleus Function: the control center for all cell
functions. It controls growth and cell division
Structure: Envelope surrounding DNA
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Nucleolus Function: Makes ribosomes
Structure: Dense body inside the nucleus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Function: Aids in the assembly and transport
of proteins and lipids.
Structure: a network of folded membranes that form channels from the cell membrane through the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane
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Ribosome: Function: assembles proteins
Structure: small dot like structures found on the E.R. or in cytoplasm
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Mitochondria Function: break down carbohydrates
and sugars, making energy from the food we eat
Structure: 2 membranes, inner membrane folded, has own DNA
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Golgi Complex Function: Packages materials for
release from the cell. Structure: Stacks of flattened
membranes and vesicles budding off
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Lysosome Function: disposal and recycling units of the
cell. (little stomachs)
Structure: Membrane bound structures containing enzymes necessary for digesting certain material in a cell
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Vacuole: Function: stores food, water, and waste
Structure: fluid filled sac (plant cells have large vacuoles)
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Centriole: Function: aids in animal cell division
Structure: nine sets of three fused microtubles arranged in an open star shape and located just outside of the nucleus
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Chloroplast Function: turns the sun’s energy into
food (photosynthesis) Structure: 2 membranes, oval, green
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Cell Wall Function: support and structure for cell.
Structure: cellulose fibers
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Cell Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
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Selective Permeability
The following substances can easily pass through the cell membrane….
Lipid soluble substances
Small stuff – Glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions
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Passive Transport: no energy required
Diffusion: movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
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Facilitated diffusion– Membrane proteins help molecules pass
through the cell membrane.
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Osmosis: Movement of WATER molecules from a high to a low concentration.
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Active Transport: requires energy (ATP)
Movement of molecules from a Low to a High concentration.
Facilitated transport:– Some membrane proteins require energy
to move molecules through the cell membrane.
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Pinocytosis: cell drinking
Phagocytosis: cell eating
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Cell Organelle Lab These pictures are what you should
have seen in the microscope…
Cork
Elodea
Cheek cells
Onion skin