CELLS

Create a Bar Graph Amount of Education Average Yearly Salary

No High School $19,600High School $26,700Some College $31,000Associates-2 years $32,700Bachelors-4 years $42,000Masters-6 years $51,000PhD-8 years $68,800Professional-8-15 years $74,400

Stem Cells Stem cells differ from regular cells by two

characteristics: 1. Undifferentiated cells capable of cell

division, can proliferate into the millions unlike other cells.

2. Can be induced to become a specific type of cell

Why stem cells remain unspecialized for long periods of time is not understood.

Two Types of Stem Cells 1. Embryonic Stem Cells 2. Adult Stem Cells- aka somatic stem

cells

Stem cell research began in 1981 when scientists were able to extract stem cells from mice.

1998 human stem cells were discovered 2006 adult cells were “reprogrammed” to

become induced pluripotent stem cells

Stem Cell Differentiation Stem cells while undifferentiated do not

perform normal cellular tasks. If some of these stem cells differentiate, it is

caused by DNA and the extracellular environment. (chemicals)

Still do not understand the initiation of cell differentiation

Adult stem cells usually give rise to the cell type in which they are located. Possibly can cause adult stem cells to

differentiate into different cell types

Where do most embryonic stem cells come from?

In vitro fertilization- donated for research Left over eggs at donation clinics Embryos are typically 4-5 days old when

used for cell culturing

Adult Stem Cells These are undifferentiated cells that are

found in tissues and organs. Function: repair and maintenance Small number of these cell types, and

scientists have a hard time culturing these

Transdifferentiation- when adult cells differentiate into cell types other than their origin.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Adult stem cells that are genetically

reprogrammed to be embryonic stem cell like.

Human iPSC discovered 2007, still a lot unknown

Used in drug development and disease modeling.

Trying to learn how to use them as transplant cells

How do embryonic stem cells become undifferentiated?

If embryonic stem cells are allowed to clump together they begin to spontaneously differentiate.

Scientists control cell differentiation by inserting genes, and controlling the environment.

Assignment Explain the diagram on p. 15. Draw it out and

explain under each box, use paragraph above to further the explanation.

PI- What are stem cells, how can they be used, why are they different than other cells.

P2- Describe heart disease, & why is it a national concern.

P3- What steps in stem cell research have been taken to address cardiovascular disease. What other factors could one do to prevent heart disease (think biomolecules)

P4- What is your position on SCR, do you think the government should fund it, do you think we should utilize this technology, when does life begin, what are some pros/cons to SCR, concluding statement

Graphing Tuesday Create a line graph with 2 y axes. These are fake numbers @ hunting in

Summer Shade!Year #

Hunters2000 1502001 2002002 1252003 1002004 3002005 3502006 355

Year # Deer2000 8,0002001 7,8002002 3,0002003 2,5002004 3,0002005 3,2502006 4,500

Stem Cell Review 1. What is a stem cell? _____________

________ 2. List the 2 types of stem cell: ______

________ 3. Which stem cell is controversial? Why? 4. Where do they get adult stem cells

from?

Question of the Day Don’t write the questions today 1. Name the yellow

structure.

2. Name the yellow area inside the cell.

3.What do the little blue dots do? What re they called?

A scientist wants to measure the effects of running on the amount of sweat a person produces. He hypothesizes that “If a person runs they will produce more sweat than a person than a person that is not running.”

Control Group: Experimental Group: Independent Variable: Dependent Variable:

Level 1

Level 1 & 3

Complete the Following Chart

Biomolecule

Monomer Name

Polymer Name

Elements Present

Function Examples

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Francesco hypothesizes that “If he covers raw meat on a table it will not grow maggots, versus meat on a table uncovered will grow maggots.

Control group: Experimental group: Independent variable: Dependent variable:

Exit Slip 9-9-13

Enzymes Sketch Title the Page: Types of Metabolism, and

divide sheet in 1/2 Draw Anabolism and Catabolism Be sure to include these terms on both

drawings: Substrate Product Active site Enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex

Level 1

Cell Size Cells have a large surface area: volume

ratio.

Important for large SA:V ratio so that a cell can remain small, yet do its job.

Let’s practice calculating SA and Volume for a cube cell and a spherical cell.

Figure 4.2 Why Cells Are Small (Part 2)

Figure 4.2 Why Cells Are Small (Part 1)

Let’s Practice Calculate the SA: V

ratio for a cube cell with a length=2.

Calculate the SA: V ratio for a spherical cell with a r=6.

Surface Area: Volume Calculations SHOW WORK

CUBE CELL (PLANT) SPHERICAL CELL (ANIMAL) A. 2nm B. 5nm C. 17nm D. 1.5nm E. 3.2nm

A. r=2nm B. r=6nm C. r= 13nm D. r=21nm E. r=4nm

Cell Analogies The nucleus is like a principal because the

nucleus controls the cell like a principal controls the school.

The cytoplasm is like air because cytoplasm surrounds everything inside the cell like air surrounds everything in the school.

The cell wall is like the building walls because the cell wall protects the cell like building walls protect the people inside the building.

Organelle Structure Function Eukaryote/Prokaryote

Plant/Animal

NucleusCytoplasmRibosomesEndoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi BodiesLysosomeVesicleVacuoleMitochondriaCytoskeletonCell MembraneCell WallChloroplast

Anticipatory Set 10-10-12

According to the temperatures in the graph, which property of water is responsible for the extreme temperature fluctuations in AZ, but less drastic fluctuations in FL?

A. high heat of vaporization B. high specific heat C. evaporative cooling D. universal solvency

Location Daytime Temp. Nighttime Temp.Painted Desert, AZ 95-120F 20-30FFt. Lauderdale, FL 70-90F 60-75F

Vocabulary List # 4 Prokayote- cell that has no nucleus. Eukayote- cell that has a nucleus (plant and

animal) Selectively Permeable- some things can

enter and exit Nucleus- holds the DNA in a eukaryote Mitochondria- makes energy for cell Spontaneous generation- old theory that

says life arose from nothing Plasma membrane- aka cell membrane Cell wall- surrounds plant and bacteria cells

only- not animal cells

Microscopy Light Microscope Ocular lens- eyepiece

(10X) Objective Lens-varied

magnification Total magnification=

ocular x objective Stage Light source Course Adjustment Fine Adjustment Base

Letter “e” Observation Draw letter “e” as it appears on low,

medium, and high.

State three observations that you noticed during this lab.

Human Cheek Cells

Cell DiscoveryROBERT HOOKE ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Used a microscope to view cork.

Said what he saw reminded him of cells in a monastery.

Used a microscope to observe pond water.

Called his observations “animalcules”

Figure 1.2 All Life Consists of Cells

The study of cells was made possible by the invention of the microscope.

Question of the Day 1. What is the name of this microscope?

2. Draw what letter “e” looked like yesterday for you.

Question of the Day 1. True/False All living organisms are

composed of cells. 2. Based on the graph which is more

powerful: Light microscope or electron microscope?

Question of the Day A scientist notices that several birds in

Summer Shade have only one wing. She also notices that the water in Summer Shade has a purplish tint.

1. Propose a hypothesis. 2. Set up an experiment with both control

and experimental groups

What are Cells? What are Cellular Organelles

http://www.hippocampus.org/course_locator?course=AP%20Biology%20I&lesson=7&topic=2&width=600&height=454&topicTitle=What%20Are%20Cells?&skinPath=http://www.hippocampus.org/hippocampus.skins/default

Bellringer 9-18-12 Level1

Level 1

SA:V Ratios Calculate the SA:V

Ratio for a cube cell with a side length of 4 nm.

Calculate the SA:V Ratio for a spherical cell with a radius of 2nm.

Two Types of CellsAll cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm,

ribosomes, and DNAPROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Do not have a

nucleus. Do not have

organelles

Thought to have evolved before eukaryotes.

Have a nucleus DNA is in the

nucleus. Have organelles.

Organelle Structure Function Eukaryote/Prokaryote

Plant/Animal

NucleusCytoplasmRibosomesEndoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi BodiesLysosomeVesicleVacuoleMitochondriaCytoskeletonCell MembraneCell WallChloroplast

Nucleus and nucleolus Function: control

center of cell “The Boss” Contains all the

cell’s DNA. Nucleolus within

the nucleus.

Cytoplasm Function: contains

all the organelles inside the cell.

Consistency of jello

Ribosomes Function:

Synthesize (make) proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Function: synthesizes (makes) lipids.

Modifies proteins.

Two Types: RER and SER

Golgi Apparatus (Bodies) Function: is to

modify, sort, and package proteins from the ER.

Think of it as an assembly line from ER, and this is the finishing touches.

Lysosomes, Vesicles, & Vacuoles

Vesicles- transport substances . Lysosomes- enzyme pouches.

Function to break down lipids, carbs, and proteins to be used by the cell.

Vacuoles- sack-like structure used for storage. Stores things such as water, salts, proteins,

and carbs. In plants its responsible for structure. In unicellular organisms its responsible for

movement.

Mitochondria Function: turns

food energy into ATP (cell energy)

Almost all mitochondria that you have came from the cytoplasm of the ovum. Got them from your mom.

Cytoskeleton Function: gives the

cell its shape, and is made up of proteins.

Three types of cytoskeleton components: Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate

filaments

Cell Membrane Functions:

regulates what enters and leaves a cell, and to provide support and protection.

Plant Cells vs. Animal CellsANIMAL CELLS PLANT CELLS Contain all

organelles and cell membrane.

Contain all organelles an animal cell has, but also contain: Chloroplasts Cell Wall

Plants have a cell membrane and cell wall

Plant Cells Chloroplasts- contain

chlorophyll (green), and convert sunlight into glucose.

Cell wall- allows plant cells its rigid structure and protection. Composed of

cellulose and starch

INTERPRET THE PICTURE 1. Plant or Animal? 2. Eukaryote or prokaryote?

Pick out three important statements

Cells are the basic units of life, which means that cells are the smallest unit of life. Cells contain many smaller structures within itself, that carry out vital functions to sustain life. All processes known to living organisms such as reproduction and metabolism take place within cells. Cells come from preexisting cells, and all living organisms are composed of cells.

The Cell Theory The cell is the smallest unit of life. Any

smaller unit than a cell and its not living.

All living organisms are composed of cells

All cells arise from pre-existing cells. This is what was added after Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation.

Refuting Spontaneous Generation

Spontaneous Generation Animation Pasteur refuted spontaneous generation

with the following experiment. Once he refuted/disproved spontaneous

generation, the Cell Theory was changed.

Question of the Day What two things do all cells have?

Bellringer- To be turned in! 1. Write out 2 similarities of all cells. 2. Write out 2 similarities between plant

and animal cells, and 2 differences between plant and animal cells.

3.FORMULATE an answer for the following

Ocular Lens Objective Lens

Total Magnification

10X 4X10X 10X10X 1000X

CELL DEATH Necrosis – cell

death due to injury or something bad.

Necrosis VS apoptosis.mpg - YouTube

Apoptosis-programmed cell death.

The cell kills itself off, before it is harmful to the organism.

Cell Movement Cilia- hairs Flagella-whip Pseudopods- false

feet

Question of the Day What are two

structures not found in this cell, but are present in an plant cell?

Anticipatory Set 9-13-11Level 2

Virus Review Viruses are biotic/abiotic. Viruses contain a protein coat called a

_______ Viruses have 2 components: __________ &

__________. Viruses can/cannot be treated by

antibiotics. Viruses that show symptoms quickly are

lytic/lysogenic. Viruses that do not show signs quickly

are lytic/lysogenic.

I can describe the 6 processes of passive transport.

Vocabulary List #5 1. Hypertonic Solution- a solution that has more solute in it than

a cell. 2. Hypotonic Solution- a solution that has less solute in it than a

cell. 3. Isotonic Solution- a solution that has the same solute

concentration as a cell. 4. Passive transport- process of moving substances into/out of

the cell that requires no energy. 5. Mitochondria- organelle that produces energy for the cell. 6. Concentration gradient- the difference in concentrations

between two areas. 7. Selectively Permeable- term used to describe the cell

membrane only allowing some things to enter/exit the cell. 8. Homeostasis – the ability of the cell/body to maintain a

constant environment.

Bellringer 10-15-12Level 2

EOC L1, L2

Question Which level of organization are these

four pictures representative of? A. cellular B. organ C. tissue D. none of the above

Tissues Tissues are groups of specialized cells. There are 4 tissue types. Function:

Connective- _______________ Epithelial- _________________ Muscle-____________________ Nervous-___________________

Cell specialization Cell Efficiency Cell Interdependence

L1

L2, L1

Lab Report Letter “e”(3), cheek cell (3), onion cell(3),

free choice(2), and one of each tissue type drawn on low only.

Turn in for quiz grade today.

Tissue Overview

Cell Review

Tissue Overview

Exit Slip Study for your test tomorrow. Know:

All organelles structure and function Cell theory Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote Difference between plant and animal cells Difference between cells and viruses Four tissue types

QOD-12-6-10 List the two types of cells.

Describe the function of the Golgi bodies and the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Anticipatory Set 9-12-11Level 2: EOC

Vocabulary List # 4 _________- cell that has no nucleus. _________- cell that has a nucleus (plant and

animal) _________- some things can enter and exit _________- holds the DNA in a eukaryote _________- makes energy for cell _________- old theory that says life arose

from nothing _________- aka cell membrane _________- surrounds plant and bacteria cells

only- not animal cells

Viruses Viruses are nonliving (abiotic) Viruses can only reproduce by infecting

living cells Viruses consist of a capsid (protein coat)

and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

Viral Spread Animations Viral Spread Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles Flu Virus by NPR Because viruses are non living they must

infect living cells in order to survive and reproduce.

Viral Replication Viral DNA is small…it reproduces very

quickly.

Virus Life Cycle Lytic Cycle- virus enters cell, cell

replicates the virus nucleic acid, and cell bursts releasing the new virus progeny. (30 minutes)

Lysogenic Cycle- virus enters cell, cell replicates virus nucleic acid, and enters a stage of inactivity.

L2

Virus Assignment in Notebook Rd. Section 19.2 What was the first virus identified? How did Stanley know that a virus is nonliving? Sketch two of the three virus structures on p.

479: Label capsid and nucleic acid Diagram and describe the Lytic and Lysogenic

Cycle on p.481 Use a “T chart” to compare cells and viruses:

Living vs. nonliving Necessity of nutrition (food) Growth and development Evolve (change over time in response to environment) Nucleic Acid present Mode of reproduction

Exit Slip What are the two life cycles of a virus?

What is the protein coat that surrounds the DNA in a virus called?

Question of the Day What is a virus progeny? What is being measured/evaluated on the

y axis of this graph? The x axis?

Question of the Day What are the two components of a virus? What are the two life cycles of a virus?

The truth is we are not even half way through the semester.Be aware of your grade.