Cell Transport Photosynthesis & Respiration

Solutions• Most substances move in and out of cells in a

water solution

• Solution – a liquid mixture of solute and solvent– Solute – something being dissolved– Solvent – What it is being dissolved in

Cell membrane

• Semi-permeable• Key structure in

maintaining homeostasis in the cell

• Homeostasis is the balance a cell maintains between its internal and external environments

Passive Transport• Does not require energy• Molecules move from a higher concentration

to a lower concentration• Three kinds:

1. Osmosis –Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

2. Diffusion – molecules move directly through the cell membrane

3. Facilitated Diffusion – Larger molecules need the help of a carrier protein

• Hypertonic solution – has higher concentration of solutes outside the cell, H2O moves out

• Isotonic – has equal amounts of solutes

• Hypotonic – has lower concentration of solute in the cell, H2O moves in

Active Transport• Moves against gradient (From low to high

concentration)

• Uses energy (ATP) and proteins

• Types:– Endocytosis – uses vesicles to bring substances

into the cell– Exocytosis – Uses vesicles to remove substances

from the cell

ATP (Energy Molecule)Provides energy for all cellular

processes. • Breaking the phosphate bond releases

energy

• Forming the phosphate bond stores energy

The movement of substances into and out of a cell without the use of energy is called:A. Active transportB. Passive transportC. ExocytosisD. Endocytosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration is called:A. Active transportB. DiffusionC. OsmosisD. Hypotonic

A cell placed in a solution shrinks by the process of osmosis. What kind of solution is outside the cell?A. HypotonicB. HypertonicC. ActiveD. Isotonic

If the solution surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell, water will move into the cell through osmosis, causing it to expand. What kind of solution is surrounding the cell?A. ActiveB. PassiveC. HypertonicD. Hypotonic

If a plant cell is placed in distilled

water, it will:A. Remain the same sizeB. ShrinkC. Swell and eventually

explodeD. Swell, but stop when the

cell wall prevents further expansion

When you perspire on a hot, humid

day, drinking water will restore ______ in your body.A. SubstancesB. OxygenC. HomeostasisD. Proteins

The ability of the cell to rid itself of waste products is called:• Excretion• Elimination• Voiding• Absorption

When more water goes in through a cell membrane than out of it, the solution around the membrane is:• Isotonic• Hypotonic• Permeable• Hypertonic

Amoebas obtain food by wrapping the cell membrane around the food particle, creating a vesicle. The food is then brought into the cell. This process is called:• Exocytosis• Endocytosis• Osmosis• Photosynthesis

Cell Energy

• Photosynthesis and Respiration are important processes in the formation of ATP

• Glucose traps energy from sunlight and using elements from the environment, converts it into glucose which is a form of chemical energy.

• Respiration breaks the glucose into ATP which is the form of chemical energy that the cell can use.

Photosynthesis

• Takes place in chloroplasts (plastid) Goal of photosynthesis is to make complex carbohydrates like glucose, starch, and cellulose

• 2 stages:– Light-dependant - on the thylakoid membrane– Light-independent (Calvin cycle) – In the stroma

LIGHT

Cellular Respiration• Process of breaking down food to get energy

– Used by plants animals and some bacteria

• 2 kinds:– Aerobic – when oxygen is present– Anaerobic – when oxygen is absent

Aerobic Respiration

• Aerobic respiration is the most efficient process, 66% of energy is released from glucose. (38 ATP)

• The mitochondria is the cell organelle used in this process.

Anaerobic Respiration = Fermentation

• Breakdown of sugar without oxygen– Muscle cells, fungi and some bacteria

• Start with glycolysis and then either make alcohol or lactic acid

• Produces the least amount of ATP, only 2 are produced during glycolysis

• Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

• Plants, some algae, bacteria

• Chloroplast • Main product

– Glucose

• Factors Effecting– Temperature– pH– Light intensity

• All organisms carry on respiration

• Mitochondria• Main product

– ATP

• Factors Effecting– Oxygen levels– pH– Temperature

What form of energy is used by cells?A. EnzymesB. CofactorsC. ATPD. DNA

The process of releasing energy from the chemical breakdown of compounds in a cell is:A. HesitationB. ExpirationC. EliminationD. Respiration

What is released when ATP is broken down into ADP and one phosphate?A. OxygenB. Water C. Energy D. Hydrogen

The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain phases of cellular respiration take place in which organelle?A. NucleusB. CytoplasmC. RibosomeD. Mitochondrion

The process by which energy from the sun is used to create glucose molecules is known as:A. Cellular respirationB. PhotosynthesisC. ChemosynthesisD. Fermentation

To obtain and use cellular energy, plant cells use which process below?A. Photosynthesis onlyB. Photosynthesis and cellular

respirationC. Cellular respiration onlyD. Chemosynthesis

Cellular respiration takes place inside which type(s) of cell(s)?• An animal cell only• A plant cell only• Both plant and animal cells• Neither plant or animal cells

How is cellular energy stored?• Chemical bonds• Enzymes• Membrane potential• Protein shapes

The chemical energy supply for all living cells is contained in a molecule

that, when broken down,

releases the energy so that it may be used for activities such as muscle contractions, photosynthesis and locomotion. Which molecule is a storehouse of energy?A. ATPB. DNAC. RNAD. ADP