Cell Structures & Organelles
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Transcript of Cell Structures & Organelles
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Chapter 7 Section 3
CELL STRUCTURES & ORGANELLES
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CYTOPLASM
Occurs inside the plasma membrane
Fluid portion of the cell
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CYTOSKELETON
Is a supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and provide an anchor for the organelles inside the cell
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NUCLEUS
Isolated region where the DNA is
Double membrane allowing for DNA to carry out its functions and not be affected by processes occurring in other parts of the cell
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Without a nucleus, a cell cannot reproduce. Loss of reproductive ability is often paired w/increased specialization Human red blood cells do not
have a nuclei; they are specialized to transport oxygen
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RIBOSOMES
Structures found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER
Always composed of a type of RNA and protein
Carry out protein synthesis
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Extensive network of tubules or channels that extends almost everywhere in the cell
Transportation of material throughout the internal region of the cell
Two kinds of ER: Smooth & Rough
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SMOOTH ER Has unique enzymes
embedded
Production of membrane phospholipids and cellular lipids
Production of sex hormones (testosterone & estrogen)
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ROUGH ER
Has ribosomes on the exterior of the channels
Protein synthesis– protein development and transport
Proteins might become parts of membranes, enzymes, or even messenger cells
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GOLGI APPARATUS Appears to be flattened sacs called cisternae,
which are stacked on top of one another
Function in the collection, packaging, modification, and distribution of materials synthesized in the cell
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VACUOLES
Occupy a very large space in the cell
Provide storage (food, wastes, water)
Vacuoles enable cells to have higher surface area to volume rations
Uptake of water in plants that provide rigidity for the organism
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LYSOSOMES
Intracellular digestive centers that arise from the Golgi apparatus
Sacs bounded by a single membrane that contain as many as 40 different enzymes
Enzymes also digest bacteria and viruses that have entered the cell
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Lysosomes also bond with older or damaged organelles from with and help recycle them
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CENTRIOLES Are organelles
made of microtubules that function during cell division
Located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nucleus
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MITOCHONDRIA Rod-shaped
organelles that appear throughout the cytoplasm
Involve the production or usable cellular energy called ATP “cell powerhouse”
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CHLOROPLASTS
occur only in algae and plant cells Capture light energy and convert
it to chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis
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Also contains grana, thylakoids, and stroma
Thylakoids are flattened membrane sacs w/ components necessary for the absorption of light
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CELL WALL
Only found in plant cells
The cell wall is a thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surrounds the outside of the cell membrane
Provides protection and support
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CILIA AND FLAGELLA
Cilia are short, numerous projections that look like hair
Flagella are longer and less numerous
Both are used for locomotion (movement)
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PLANT VS. ANIMAL
Plant Cells Nucleus present
Cell wall present
chloroplasts
Animal Cells Nucleus present
Cell wall missing
Chloroplasts missing