CELL STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION Organelles Plant ◦ Nucleus ◦ Golgi Apparatus ◦ Mitochondria...
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Transcript of CELL STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION Organelles Plant ◦ Nucleus ◦ Golgi Apparatus ◦ Mitochondria...
Cell Structure
Cell Structure and reproduction
OrganellesPlant Nucleus Golgi ApparatusMitochondriaPeroxisomesPlasma MembraneRough and smooth endoplasmic reticulumRibosomesChloroplastsCell WallCentral VacuoleAnimal FlagellumCentrosomeCytoskeletonMicrovilliEndoplasmic ReticulumNucleusChromatinGolgi apparatus LysosomeMitochondrionPeroxisome
There2BothNucleusNuclear envelope: double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER
Nucleolus: nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli
Chromatin: material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes
Golgi Apparatus organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products
BothMitochondria An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layersEndoplasmic Reticulum Network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosome-studded) and smooth regions
Although animal and plant cells both have mitochondria cellular respiration only occurs in animal cells4BothPeroxisomes organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to waterRibosomescomplexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope
DifferencesAnimals onlyLysosome: digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzedCentrosome: region where the cells microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centriolesFlagellum: motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane Plants only Central vacuole: functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growthChloroplast: photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar moleculesPlasmodesmata: cytoplasmic channels through cell walls Cell wall: outer layer that maintains cells shape and protects cell from mechanical damage
Cellular ReproductionMitosisIdentical replication of cellsProduces two daughter cellsSomatic cells
MeiosisResults in four daughter cellsEach daughter cell contains only 23 chromosomes (humans)Occurs in two roundsChromosome splittingChromatid splitting Genetic variation
Mitosis is the identical replication of cellsIt Produces two daughter cellsThese cells contain 46 cells are known as somatic cells. Majority of the cells in your body are considered somatic cells.
Results in four daughter cellsEach daughter cell contains only 23 chromosomes (humans)Meiosis Occurs in two roundsThe first round is Chromosome splittingAnd the second round is Chromatid splitting Meiosis is very important because it helps create Genetic variation
Gamete cell= sperm and egg cells , contain only 23 chromosomes Chromosomes structure that DNA is packaged in to, average number of chromosomes in the body Sister Chromatids =joined copies of the original chromosome , contain an identical DNA molecule, once seperated they are considered individual chromosomes
7Binary fissionProduces direct genetic copiesZero genetic variationVery quick and rapid processThis form of asexual reproduction is most common in prokaryotes.
Produces direct genetic copies with zero variation. Is a very quick and rapid process8Cell MetabolismMetabolismCatabolismAnabolism
Metabolism is the chemical process that occurs within a living organism in order to maintain life.
the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler onesthe synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones 9Cellular respirationOccurs in animalsCatabolic pathwayTurns glucose into ATPATP- is usable energy for the bodyMitochondria
Occurs in animalsCatabolic pathwayTurns glucose into ATPATP- is usable energy for the bodyMitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration
10Photosynthesisthe process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.Oxygen is a productChloroplast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaSIjIzAtYA (overview)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLKX_4DHE3I (mitosis)
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/new-topic-2014-06-18T18:00:45.081Z/v/phases-of-meiosis (meiosis)
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