Cell Structure and Function - Mrs. Parker's Biology...
Transcript of Cell Structure and Function - Mrs. Parker's Biology...
Cell Structure and Function
Cell size comparison
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
What jobs do cells have to do for an
organism to live…
Gas exchange
CO2 & O2
Eat (take in & digest food)
Make energy
ATP
Build macromolecules
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Remove wastes
Control internal conditions
Respond to external environment
Build more cells
growth, repair, reproduction & development
(homeostasis)
Cell Membrane
Structure Lipid bilayer embedded
with proteins
Function controls what enters or
leaves cell
O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste
recognizes signals from other cells
allows communication between cells
All Cells!
Cytoplasm
Structure
Fluid in the cell
Contains water,
nutrients, and proteins
Function
Supports the cell
structures
All Cells!
Cytoskeleton
Structure
Thin tubes and filaments
made of proteins
Function
Helps the cell: move,
Keeps its shape
Organizes its parts
Think skeleton
Not in Prokaryotes
All Eukaryotes
Vacuoles
Structure
Large membrane sac
Function
Store food, water, waste, and nutrients
Plants have a large, central vacuole that fills with water and pushes against the cell wall causing the plant to stand upright
Not in Prokaryotes
Only in Plants and Protists
Vesicles
Structure
Small membrane
sac
Function
move material
around the cell
Like proteins,
food, waste
products, etc.
Not in Prokaryotes
All Eukaryotes
Lysosomes
Structure
Small membrane sac filled with digestive
enzymes
Function
Digest food
Clean up waste
Recycle old parts
Not in Prokaryotes
Animals and Some Protists
Mitochondria
Structure
Outer membrane surrounding an folded inner membrane embedded with many proteins
Function
Makes ATP using the energy from glucose
Cellular Respiration
Glucose + O2 ATP + CO2 +H20
Not in Prokaryotes
All Eukaryotes
Singular = Mitochondrion ATP
Chloroplast Not in Prokaryotes
Only in Plants and Some Protists
Structure
Double membrane surrounding thylakoids which contain the pigment chlorophyll (green)
Function
Photosynthesis to make glucose
Sun light + CO2 +H20 Glucose + O2
Cell Wall All Prokaryotes
Fungi, Plants, and some Protists
(Not Animals)
Structure
Rigid Layer that lies outside the
cell membrane
Bacteria – peptidoglycan (proteins and sugars)
Plants – cellulose
Fungi – chitin
Function
Structure and support
Nucleus
Structure
Nuclear membrane with nuclear pores
Contains the nucleolus
where ribosomes are made
Filled with DNA
Function
Stores and protects the DNA
Not in Prokaryotes
All Eukaryotes
Ribosomes
Structure
Small structures made of proteins
and RNA
some float in cytoplasm
some attach to ER
Function
Make proteins using instructions
from the DNA
All Cells!
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Not in Prokaryotes
All Eukaryotes Structure
A system of interconnected
membrane folds/sacs
embedded with ribosomes
Usually found connected to
the nucleus
Function
Package the proteins made by
ribosomes into vesicles to be
transported around the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure
A system of interconnected
membrane tubes (with no
ribosomes)
Usually found with the
Rough ER
Function
Builds lipids
Breaks down toxins
Makes vesicles
Not in Prokaryotes
All Eukaryotes
Golgi Apparatus
Structure
Membrane folds/sacs
Function
Modifies, sorts, labels,
packages, and ships
proteins and lipids
UPS store
Not in Prokaryotes
All Eukaryotes
DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmic
reticulum
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
vesicle
protein on its way!
protein finished protein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus
*Centrioles*
Structure
Two short cylinders
made of proteins
Function
Organize the parts
of the cytoskeleton
that help with cell
division
Not in Prokaryotes
Only Animals and some Protists
Cilia
Structure
Short, hair-like structures
made of proteins covered in
membrane that extend from
the surface of the cell
Function
Help a cell move through a
watery environment
Or, help move air and fluids
over the cell’s surface
Not in Prokaryotes
Only Animals and Some Protists
Protist Video
Flagella
Structure
Long, hair-like structures
made of proteins covered in
membrane that extend from
the surface of the cell
Function
Moves the cell through its
environment
Singular = Flagellum
Some Prokaryotes
Some Animals and Some Protists
Plasmid
Structure
A small, extra ring of DNA
Function
Provides extra genetic
information
Can be swapped with other
bacteria
May carry antibiotic resistance
genes
Only Prokaryotes
Capsule
Structure
Outer covering of sticky
carbohydrates that bind to
the cell wall
Function
Protects the cell from drying
out and harsh chemicals
Keeps bacteria from being
broken down
Helps bacteria stick to other
cells
Some Prokaryotes
Pili
Structure
Short, thick, hair-like
structures made of
protein found on the
surface of bacterial cells
Function
Help bacteria stick to
other cells and surfaces
Allow bacteria to share
plasmids
Some Prokaryotes