CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION - woodardbiology.weebly.com · Cell Parts Plants & Animals Have in...
Transcript of CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION - woodardbiology.weebly.com · Cell Parts Plants & Animals Have in...
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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Karyotic- from Greek karyon meaning nut or kernel (referring to the nucleus here)
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Pro- Latin meaning for
before
Eu- Greek meaning for
true
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Prokaryote or Prokaryotic means “before nucleus”
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryote or Eukaryotic means “true nucleus”
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Prokaryotic Cells are also known as bacteria!
Prokaryotic Cells
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■ Have No Nucleus.
■ Lack Internal Membranes (meaning no internal structures with membranes-like organelles).
■ Genetic Material is a single circular DNA molecule floating in the cytoplasm.
■ Always single celled & microscopic.
Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria)
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■Contain the following cell structures:
■Cell Wall
■Cell Membrane
■DNA
■Ribosomes
■Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria)
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Prokaryotic cells are much smaller and less complex than Eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria)
They can reproduce
much quicker than
Eukaryotic cells
however.
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Beneficial Bacteria
Not all bacteria are bad. Very few actually
cause disease.
Bacteria in and on us help:
■ Provide nutrients: break down food, make vitamins.
■ Keep away harmful microbes by filling spaces that
would be filled by disease-causing bacteria.
■ Help chemically break down dairy products to make
yogurt and cheese, turn cucumbers to pickles, or to
make soy sauce and vinegar.
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Beneficial Bacteria
In Ecosystems:
■ Produce oxygen, recycle
carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen
and sulfur.
■ Helps make minerals in the
soil for plant growth.
■ Bioremediation: break down
pollutants (ex. Oil)
■ Recycling and composting:
biodegradable often means it
can be broken down by
bacteria.
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Include all cells that have a nucleus.
Eukaryotic Cells
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■ Have a Nucleus
■ Have Membrane Bound Organelles (tiny “organs”)
■ Genetic material in the form of linear (straight) chromosomes
■ Includes both single celled and multi celled varieties. Almost all are still microscopic.
Eukaryotic Cells
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A Generalized Eukaryotic Cell Diagram
•although cells come in many shapes and
sizes…
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Human cell size and shape comparison:
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Types of Eukaryotic Cells:
■Animal Cells
■Plant Cells
•Both types have many of
the same internal parts but
there are also a few parts
unique to either just plants
or just animals.
•Let’s start with the parts
common to both types…
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Cell Parts Plants & Animals
Have in Common:
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
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Cell Membrane:
■ Surrounds the cell
■ Controls movement of
materials into and out of
cell
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Cytoplasm: “cyto”=something belonging to a cell.
■ Fills space
between cell
membrane and
nucleus.
■ Maintains cell
structure
■ Where many
chemical
reactions take
place.
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Cytoskeleton:
Network of protein fibers
crisscrossing the cytoplasm
that constantly change to
meet the needs of the cell.
■ Give shape to the cell
■ Anchors its organelles
and serves as a “track”
for them to move on.
■ Enable cells to move
and divide.
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Ribosomes:
■ Make proteins for the cell
■ Found in the cytoplasm or on the Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (more on this later).
■ Found in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
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Cell Organelles: subcellular structures
• Structures specialized to perform
distinct processes.
• Each is surrounded by or made up of
membranes
• Only eukaryotes have organelles,
prokaryotes do not.
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Organelles involved in making proteins
■Nucleus
■Endoplasmic
Reticulum
■Vesicles
■Golgi Apparatus
Ribosomes make
proteins, but they
need help from a
number of organelles
to do this:
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Nucleus:
■ Proteins control the functions of the cell, but to create
more proteins we need to start at the nucleus.
■ Contains instructions to make proteins
■ These instructions are in the form of DNA,
■ Protects the DNA
from dangers in
the cytoplasm.
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Nucleus:
Includes the following 4
structures:
■ Nuclear Envelope
(Membrane): Controls
movement into and out of
the nucleus
■ Nuclear Pore: Holes in
the nuclear envelope
which allow movement
between the nucleus and
cytoplasm.
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Nucleus:
■ Nucleolus: Dense
region inside
nucleus, where
ribosomes are
assembled
■ Chromatin:
Genetic Material
(DNA) which is
organized into
structures called
chromosomes
during cell division.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER): ■ Interconnected network of
channels…aids in movement of
molecules inside the cell.
■ Rough ER:
■ Ribosomes found on surface.
■ Proteins leave ribosome
and enter into ER where they
are modified.
■ Smooth ER:
■ No ribosomes on surface.
■ Make lipids (fats)
■ Break down drugs and
alcohol.
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Vesicles:
■ Small membrane-enclosed sacs
■ Transport molecules from place to place
(ex. ER to Golgi Apparatus).
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Golgi Apparatus:
Stack of membrane-
enclosed spaces.
Packages proteins for
distribution within the
cell and export out of
the cell.
Proteins come from
endoplasmic reticulum.
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Putting it all together…
Identify each
of the
following:
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
F
E
D
C
B
A
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■ Mitochondria
■ Vacuole
■ Lysosomes
■ Centrosomes
■ Cell wall
■ Chloroplasts
■ Central Water Vacuole
Other organelles:
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Mitochondria:
■ Chemical reactions here provide energy for cell.
■ Converts food to usable energy for cell.
■ Have their own ribosomes and DNA.
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Lysosomes:
■ Carry enzymes to
destroy cellular waste.
■ Break down
damaged/worn out cell
parts.
■ Engulf/digest targeted
molecules
■ Defend cell from
invading
bacteria/viruses
■ Membrane protects cell
from enzymes.
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Lysosomes:
A cell can direct itself to die by creating a bunch of
lysosomes and breaking them open inside of itself
(apoptosis).
This can happen if a cell is infected by a virus and
also in normal development (how you lose your tail
as an embryo).
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Animal Cells contain all of the previous organelles plus:
Centrioles: 2 cylindrical organelles (together
called a centrosome)■ Part of the Cytoskeleton
■ Produce microtubules that aid in
moving chromosomes during cell
division.
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Plant Cells:
Cell Wall:■ Gives cells shape,
support and
protection.
■ Found in algae,
fungi and most
bacteria too.
contain all of the previous organelles (except centrioles)
as well as:
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Plant Cells:
Chloroplast:■ Site of photosynthesis
where chemical reactions
create food for the cell.
■ Also found in green algae.
contain all of the previous organelles (except centrioles)
as well as:
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Plant Cells:
Central Water
Vacuole:■ Single, large water filled
vacuole in the middle of
the cell.
■ Strengthen cells and
provide support for
plant.
■ Contains toxins to harm
plant predators, waste
products and pigment
for color (petals).
contain all of the previous organelles (except centrioles)
as well as:
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Gerenalized Animal Cell
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Generalized Plant Cell
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Unicellular (one) vs.
Multicellular (many)
Unicellular: Single-Celled
■ Most common forms of
life on Earth.
■ Carry out all functions
of Life.
■ Bacteria
■ Amoeba
■ Paramecium
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Unicellular (one) vs.
Multicellular (many)
Multicellular
■ Larger organisms.
■ Different cells have
specialized functions,
together making a
complete organism.■ Human
■ Rose Bush
■ Mushroom
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Cell Structure/Function Vocab
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
-Nucleolus
-Chromatin
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Rough vs. Smooth
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Centriole
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Water Vacuole
Cytoplasm
-Cytosol
-Cytoskeleton
Unicellular
Multicellular