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![Page 1: Cell Signaling “Principles” Dr. Fridoon Jawad Ahmad HEC Foreign Professor King Edward Medical University Visiting Professor LUMS-SSE.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfde1a28abf838cb20d7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Signaling “Principles”
Dr. Fridoon Jawad Ahmad
HEC Foreign ProfessorKing Edward Medical University
Visiting Professor LUMS-SSE
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2nd Biggest Leap
Multicellular = Specialization = CoordinationAbility to sense & respond to external and internal
environment
2.5 billion Years
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Why Signaling System
In order to survive even simplest organisms need to sense and respond to their environment.
It is critical that the cells of multicellular organisms communicate to coordinate their efforts (Running).
Cells in a multicellular organism are specialized and rely on each other for the support (brain sugar).
During development there have to be checks balances on differentiation (analogy society).
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Signals Can
Instruct Cells to Perform Various
functions(Manipulating
Gene expression)
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Design
1) Ligand binding2) Conformational change
Cytoplasmic domain3) Mediators
4) Cell function modified
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Expression of One Gene Can Alter Phenotype of Cells
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Modes
Low Affinity
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Receptors & Cell Machinery
Receptor combinations confer cell behavior in an environment
flooded with hundreds of ligands
Cellular machinery specifies cell response to a particular ligand
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High Turnover (NO)
Ach Receptor-ACh NO synthase DeaminationNO Diffusion G-cyclase cGMP Relaxation
NO half life 5 seconds
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Receptors: Intracellular (ICR)
Blood transport via carrier proteins longer life (thy days Ach ms) Carrier left outside
Inactive ICR may be DNA bound or in cytoplasm (NLS nonfunctional)
Activated receptor binds DNA induces gene transcription
Small Hydrophobic Lipid soluble molecules eg steroid & thyroid hormones, retinoids & Vit D etc
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ICR Specificity
Different cells with identical ICRs regulate different genes due to other cell specific mediators
Right combination of co-activators/gene regulators required to transcribe specific genes (testosterone)
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ICR Transcription
Ligand binding removes inhibitory proteins and facilitates binding of transcription activators
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Cell-Surface Receptors (CSR)
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CSR Response Time
Neurotransmitters produce all or noting response
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Small IC Mediators
SICMs are produced/released in response to signal received
by the receptor
SICMs donot have an enzymatic activity of their
own however they modify the function of other molecules
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IC Proteins1 Relay proteins simply pass the message to the next
signaling component in the chain.2 Messenger proteins carry the signal from one part of the cell to another, such as from the cytosol to the
nucleus.3 Adaptor proteins link one signaling protein to
another, without themselves conveying a signal.4 Amplifier proteins, which are usually either
enzymes or ion channels, greatly increase the signal they receive, either by producing large amounts of
small intracellular mediators or by activating large numbers of downstream
intracellular signaling proteins. When there are multiple amplification steps in a relay chain, the chain is often referred to as a signaling cascade.
5 Transducer proteins convert the signal into a different form. The enzyme that makes cyclic AMP is
an example: it both converts the signal and amplifies it, thus acting as both a transducer and an
amplifier.6 Bifurcation proteins spread the signal from one
signaling pathway to another.7 Integrator proteins receive signals from two or
more signaling pathways and integrate them before relaying a signal onward.
8 Latent gene regulatory proteins are activated at the cell surface by activated receptors and then migrate
to the nucleus to stimulate gene transcription.
1
2
3
4 & 5
6
7
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Signaling in E. coli
After ligand binding change in tertiary
structure of extra cellular part of EnvZ leads to
structural change in its cytoplasmic domain
making it a kinase (auto..).
EnvZ-P can now phosphor-ilate OmpR (responder)
outside signal in and amplified.
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Signaling in E. coli
Receptor conformational change after ligand binding which activates
kinase activity.
Phosphorilation alters responder function.
Signal amplified.
Transcription factor activated.
Protein synthesis results in altered cell activity.
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G Protein-Linked Receptors
Ligand binding causes a structural change permitting G protein to bind receptor.
Binding of G protein to activated receptor causes it to exchange GDP for GTP (receptor releases ligand).
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G Protein-Linked Receptors
Subunit of G protein separates and activates an effector molecule (causing a functional change).
Epinephrine effects different cells differently (heart muscle contracts, intestinal vascular smooth muscle relaxes more nutrients absorbed (Adnl C inhibition).
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Second Messenger
Second messengers are allosteric regulators and do not have enzymatic activity
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) can bind ion channels to open them or bind
enzymes to exposing their active sites.
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Enzyme Activation Via Second messenger
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The cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA) are tetramers, consisting of two regulatory (R) subunits and
two catalytic (C) subunits. In the tetrameric form PKA is enzymatically inactive.
Binding of cAMP to the R subunits causes dissociation of the two C subunits, which then can phosphorylate
specific acceptor proteins.
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cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), glycogen phosphorylase kinase (GPK), and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) — are all
regulated, directly or indirectly, by cAMP by phosphoprotein phosphatase, which removes the phosphate residues from the inactive form of glycogen synthase At high cAMP levels, cAPK
phosphorylates an inhibitor of phosphoprotein phosphatase (PP)
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CRE
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Gs vs Gi
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PKC Activationvia Gq
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Cell type Organ/systemActivators
ligands --> Gq-GPCRs Effects
smooth muscle cell (gastrointestinal tract sphincters)
digestive system•prostaglandin F2α
[4] -->•thromboxanes[4]
contraction
•smooth muscle cells in:iris dilator muscle (sensory system)•urethral sphincter (urinary system)•uterus (reproductive system)•arrector pili muscles(integumentary system)•ureter (urinary system)•urinary bladder (urinary system)[5][6]
Various •adrenergic agonists --> α1 receptor contraction
•smooth muscle cells in:iris constrictor muscle•ciliary muscle
sensory system acetylcholine --> M3 receptor contraction
smooth muscle cell (vascular) circulatory system•5-HT --> 5-HT2A receptor•adrenergic agonists --> α1 receptor
•vasoconstriction[7][8]
smooth muscle cell (seminal tract[9]) reproductive system •adrenergic agonists --> α1 receptor ejaculation
smooth muscle cell (GI tract) digestive system•5-HT --> 5-HT2A or 5-HT2B receptor[7]
•acetylcholine (ACh) --> M3 receptor•contraction[10]
smooth muscle cell (bronchi) respiratory system•5-HT --> 5-HT2A receptor•adrenergic agonists --> α1 receptor•acetylcholine --> M3[11] andM1 receptor[12]
bronchoconstriction[7]
proximal convoluted tubule cell kidney•angiotensin II --> AT1 receptor•adrenergic agonists --> α1 receptor
•stimulate NHE3 --> H+ secretion & Na+ reabsorption[13]
•stimulate basolateral Na-K ATPase --> Na+ reabsorption[13]
neurons in autonomic ganglia nervous system acetylcholine --> M1 receptor EPSP
neurons in CNS nervous system•5-HT --> 5-HT2A receptor•acetylcholine --> M1 receptor
•neuronal excitation (5-HT)[7]
•memory? (acetylcholine)[14]
platelets circulatory system 5-HT --> 5-HT2A receptor[7] aggregation[7]
ependymal cells (choroid plexus) ventricular system 5-HT --> 5-HT2C receptor[7] ↑cerebrospinal fluid secretion[7]
heart muscle circulatory system •adrenergic agonists --> α1 receptor positive ionotropic effect[5]
serous cells (salivary gland) digestive system•acetylcholine --> M1 andM3 receptors•adrenergic agonists --> α1 receptor
•↑secretion[5]
•increase salivary potassium levels.
serous cells (lacrimal gland) digestive system •acetylcholine --> M3 receptor •↑secretion[8]
adipocyte digestive system/endocrine system •adrenergic agonists --> α1 receptor •glycogenolysis andgluconeogenesis[5]
hepatocyte digestive system •adrenergic agonists --> α1 receptor •glycogenolysis andgluconeogenesis[5]
sweat gland cells integumentary system •adrenergic agonists --> α1 receptor •↑secretion[5]
parietal cells digestive system acetylcholine --> M1 receptors[12] ↑ gastric acid secretion
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases & Ras
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Autophosphorylation
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Activated RTKs Indirectly Bindand Activate RAS
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RAS Helpers
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Protein Kinase Cascade
Ras Experiment
Signal Amplification
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AlternateNames
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Comparison