Cell Reproduction
description
Transcript of Cell Reproduction
![Page 1: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Reproduction
![Page 2: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chromosomes: made of DNA
![Page 3: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
DNA: stores all genetic information
-genes: a hereditary unit of DNA-4 bases:
-Adenine-Thymine-Guanine-cytosine
![Page 4: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DNA in the Cell
1. Chromosome2. Supercoil3. Subcoil4. One coil5. DNA with histine
protein6. DNA
![Page 5: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chromosome Anatomy
![Page 6: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chromosome Types
1. Sex Chromosomes: determines the sex of an organism
-XY: male-XX: female
2. Autosomes: All other chromosomes of an organism
![Page 7: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chromosome Duplication
![Page 8: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Homologous Chromosomes: two copies of each autosome – same size, shape, and genes
![Page 9: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Karyotype: photomicrograph of chromosomes
Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
![Page 10: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Diploid Cells (2n): cells with both sets of chromosomes (both homologous pairs)
46 chromosomes/23 pairs in humans
![Page 11: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Haploid cells (1n): cells with one set of chromosomes
![Page 12: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
“C” words of Cytology
1. Chromosome: condensed genetic material2. Chromatid: one of two identical copies of
DNA3. Centromere: region that joins the
chromatids
![Page 13: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
“C” words of Cytology
4. Centrioles: cylindrical structures that assist in cell division
5. Centrosome: dark regions in the cytoplasm that create spindle fibers
![Page 14: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Cell Division: all cells come from pre-existing cells
![Page 15: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2 Types of Division
![Page 16: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1. Mitosis: cell division which produces 2 diploid, identical cells
![Page 17: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
2. Meiosis: cell division which produces 4 haploid cells
![Page 18: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cell Life Cycle1. Interphase:
G1, S, and G2G = growth
S = Synthesis
2. M phase: mitosis – nuclear division
3. Cytokinesis: cytoplasm
division
![Page 19: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Interphase
1. Interphase: DNA not visible-nucleus still intact
![Page 20: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Phases of Mitosis
2. Prophase: chromosomes become visible-nucleus disintegrates
![Page 21: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Phases of Mitosis
3. Metaphase: chromosomes connect at the centromere to spindle fibers-line up at the equatorial plate
![Page 22: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Phases of Mitosis
4. Anaphase: spindle fibers recede-pull chromosomes apart-chromosomes retreat to opposite ends
![Page 23: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Phases of Mitosis
5. Telophase: nucleus reformsCytokinesis splitting the cell-2 daughter cells are formed
![Page 24: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Meiosis: cell division which produces 4 haploid cells
![Page 29: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Haploid: a cell with half the number of chromosomes (1n)
![Page 30: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fertilization: the fusion of two gametes (sperm/eggs)
![Page 31: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Review terms:
![Page 32: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Karyotype
![Page 33: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Homologous Chromosomes: identical chromosomes – one from each parent
![Page 34: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Chromatid: one of two identical copies of the same DNA
![Page 35: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis-Produces two offspring
cells of 2n-One cell division cycle-produces body cells-no chromosomes cross
over
Meiosis-produces four offspring
cells of 1n-two cell division cycles
(meiosis I & 2)-produces gametes-chromosomes cross over
![Page 36: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
8 Stages of Meiosis
Prophase IMetaphase IAnaphase ITelophase I
Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
![Page 37: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Prophase I
-Chromatids form-Homologous chromatids
pair up to form tetrads
![Page 38: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Metaphase I
-tetrads line up at equatorial plate
-Crossing over: breaking off of arms of chromatids and switching places on another homologous chromosome
![Page 39: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Anaphase I
-tetrads are pulled apart
![Page 41: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Telophase I
-cytokinesis occurs
![Page 42: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Prophase II
![Page 43: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Metphase II
![Page 44: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Anaphase II
![Page 45: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Telophase II
![Page 46: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Spermatogenesis: meiosis that produces sperm
Produces 4 fertile cells; in humans @ 400 billion
![Page 47: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Oogenesis: meiosis that produces egg cells
Produces 1 fertile cell; about 400 in a lifetime
![Page 48: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Types of Reproduction
1. Sexual reproduction: offspring are the result of combination of parental genetics
2. Asexual reproduction: no exchange of genetic information – genetically identical to parent
![Page 49: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Nature protects the female
![Page 50: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Cellular Disorders
![Page 52: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Cancer: a mitotic disorder
![Page 53: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Characteristics:
1. Abnormal rates of cell division; uncontrolled2. Produces malfunctioning cells3. Kills the organism 4. Lack Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI)
![Page 54: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI)
Ability of a cell to “sense” space – ability to stop growth in a restricted space
![Page 55: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI)
Lack of DDI – cells continue to divide – causes tumors
![Page 56: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Types of Tumors
1. Benign: cancer cells remain at the original site
2. Malignant: cancer cells become aggressive and spread throughout the body
![Page 57: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Metastasis: movement of cancer through the blood/lymph to other organs
![Page 58: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Causes: carcinogens and contributing factors
![Page 60: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
-smoking
![Page 61: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
-radiation
![Page 62: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
-virus (HPV)
![Page 63: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
-genetic makeup
![Page 64: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Treatments
![Page 65: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
-surgical removal
![Page 66: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
-radiation treatment
![Page 67: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
-chemotherapy: taxol, vincristine, vinblastine
![Page 68: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Cellular Differentiation
-begins following fertilization-process by which generic cells gain specific functions-mitosis process
![Page 69: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell
Stem Cells
Skin Cells
Neuron (nerves)
Bone Cell
Muscle Cells
Cardiac Muscle
![Page 70: Cell Reproduction](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070422/56816598550346895dd8705c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)