CELL CELL PROCESSESSPROCESSESSandandENERGYENERGY

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Cell ProcessesCell Processes

How do cells get the energy How do cells get the energy they need to carry out all they need to carry out all their functions?their functions?

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Chemical Chemical Compounds in Compounds in CellsCellsElement:Element: Any substance that Any substance that cannot be broken down into cannot be broken down into simpler substances. simpler substances.

Examples: Carbon (C), Examples: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N).Nitrogen (N).

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Chemical Chemical Compounds in Compounds in CellsCells

Compound:Compound: When 2 or more When 2 or more elements combine elements combine chemically to form a chemically to form a compound. compound.

Examples: Water (HExamples: Water (H22O), O), Sugar (CSugar (C66 H H1212 O O66), Salt (NaCl)), Salt (NaCl)

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Organic vs. InorganicOrganic vs. Inorganic

Organic Material:Organic Material: Are compounds that Are compounds that are living or were once living.are living or were once living.

Compounds that are organic will Compounds that are organic will contain the elements Carbon (C) and contain the elements Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H).Hydrogen (H).

Cells need to use organic compounds Cells need to use organic compounds for energy in order for the organelles for energy in order for the organelles to perform their individual functions. to perform their individual functions.

Organic vs. InorganicOrganic vs. Inorganic

Inorganic:Inorganic: Compounds that are not or Compounds that are not or never were living.never were living.

Compounds that are Inorganic will not Compounds that are Inorganic will not contain the elements Carbon (C) and contain the elements Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) together.Hydrogen (H) together.

Example: (Water) HExample: (Water) H22OO Water is needed to perform all Water is needed to perform all

functions within a cell. functions within a cell.

Obtaining energy.Obtaining energy.

Humans must eat food and drink Humans must eat food and drink water in order to obtain the water in order to obtain the necessary energy for our bodies necessary energy for our bodies to function.to function.

In the same way, cells must In the same way, cells must consume “food” and use water in consume “food” and use water in order for them to function as well.order for them to function as well.

How Does The Cell Get How Does The Cell Get Its Food and Water?Its Food and Water?

The Cell Membrane is SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE: Some things are allowed in or out and some things are not allowed in or out. (Like a Screen Door).

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How Does The Cell Get How Does The Cell Get Its Food and Water?Its Food and Water?

3 Ways that Substances can move in or out of a cell:

1. Osmosis: Is the movement of water in and out of the cell.

How Does The Cell Get How Does The Cell Get Its Food and Water?Its Food and Water?

3 Ways that Substances can move in or out of a cell:

2. Diffusion: Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

How Does The Cell Get How Does The Cell Get Its Food and Water?Its Food and Water?

3 Ways that Substances can move in or out of a cell:

3. Transport: Passive Transport: Materials passing through the cell membrane without requiring the cell’s energy. (Moving from High concentration low concentration.)

Active Transport: Materials passing through the cell membrane that require the cell’s energy. (Moving from low concentration to high concentration.)

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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Plants use light energy (sunlight) to Plants use light energy (sunlight) to

combine carbon dioxide (COcombine carbon dioxide (CO22) and ) and water (Hwater (H22O) to make simple sugars O) to make simple sugars (C(C66HH1212OO66))

Why is this important to Why is this important to us?us?

We cannot make our own food We cannot make our own food (glucose or energy) we must get our (glucose or energy) we must get our food from plants.food from plants.

Plants are the first step in the food Plants are the first step in the food chain.chain.

What is all this “food” What is all this “food” (better known as glucose) (better known as glucose) used for?used for?

It can be used by the plant to make It can be used by the plant to make energy in the mitochondriaenergy in the mitochondria

It can be stored by the plants in It can be stored by the plants in vacuolesvacuoles

It can be eaten by a consumerIt can be eaten by a consumer

What happens during What happens during photosynthesis?photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts in plant cells Chloroplasts in plant cells capture light energy and use capture light energy and use that energy to make glucose that energy to make glucose or “food”or “food”

Oxygen gas is also released Oxygen gas is also released as a by-product in this as a by-product in this reactionreaction

Photosynthesis

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

ALL organisms break down ALL organisms break down simple sugars (Csimple sugars (C66HH1212OO66) for ) for the energy they containthe energy they contain

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

Sugar is broken down into Sugar is broken down into Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22) and Water ) and Water (H(H22O)O)

The Chemical Formula looks like The Chemical Formula looks like this:this:CC66HH1212OO6 6 ++ OO2 2 COCO2 2 ++ HH22O + ENERGYO + ENERGY

Sugar + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + water + ENERGY

Or in English…….

What’s this energy What’s this energy for?for?

To build new cell partsTo build new cell parts To repair cell partsTo repair cell parts To reproduce cellsTo reproduce cells

Where does it happen?Where does it happen?

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration occurs in the occurs in the mitochondria!!!mitochondria!!!