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Cell Biology BiologyCell Biology Biology
Learn Science!
T E A C H I N G T E A M
Ce l l ce l l b i o lo g y Fa r mas iCe l l ce l l b i o lo g y Fa r mas i
Ce l l ce l l b i o lo g y Fa r mas i
Cell Biology Biology
The key to every biological problem must
Why Study Cell Biology?
finally be sought in the cell, for every living organism is, or at some time has been, a cell. E.B. Wilson, 1925
Some Random Cell Facts
The average human being is composed of around 100 Trillion composed of around 100 Trillion individual cells
WOW!!!
Properties of Life
Living organisms:– are composed of cells– are complex and ordered–– respond to their environment– can grow and reproduce– obtain and use energy– maintain internal balance– allow for evolutionary adaptation
The Cell Theory Complete
The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were nowcomplete :
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Schleiden& Schwann)(1838-39)
3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858)
Figure 14-37 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
T E A C H I N G T E A M
Modern Cell Theory
Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements, in addition to the original Cell Theory :
1. The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division.passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
2. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities.
3. All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried out inside the cells.(movement, digestion,etc)
4. Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular structures within the cell(organelles, nucleus, plasma membrane)
Figure 14-37 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
T E A C H I N G T E A M
What jobs do cells have to do?make proteins
proteins control everycell functioncell function
make energyfor daily lifefor growth
make more cellsgrowthrepair
renewalT E A C H I N G T E A M
Levels of Organization
Cellular Organizationcells
organellesmoleculesmolecules
atoms
The cell is the basic unit of life. T E A C H I N G T E A M
Types of Cells
Cell Types
Plant Cells Animal Cells
Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells
http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201a/spring97/group6
Types of cellsTypes of cellsno organelles
Eukaryoteanimal cellsEukaryoteanimal cells
organelles
Eukaryoteplant cellsEukaryoteplant cells
Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Organisms
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Organisms archaea, bacteria protists, fungi, plants, animals
Cell linear dim. 1-10 ����m 10-100 ����m
Metabolism anaerobic or aerobic aerobic or anaerobic
Organelles nonucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
DNA circular, in cytoplasm very long linear moleculesDNA circular, in cytoplasm very long linear moleculesbounded by nuclear envelope
RNA and protein RNA and protein synthesizedin same compartment
RNA synthesized in nucleus;protein, in cytoplasm
Cytoplasm no cytoskeleton: no cytoplasmic streaming, no endocytosis, no exocytosis
cytoskeleton composed of protein filaments; cytoplasmic streaming; endocytosis and exocytosis
Cell division chromosomes pulled apart byattachment to plasma membrane
chromosomes pulled apart bycytoskeletal spindle apparatus
Cellular organization
mainly unicellular mainly multicellular, with differentiation of many cell types
Feature Prokaryote Eukaryote
SizeSmall about 0.5 micrometers Up to 40 micrometers
Genetic material
Circular DNA (in cytoplasm)DNA in form of linear chromosomes ( in nucleus )
Organelles Few present, none membrane bound
Many organelles:•Double membranes e.g.: nucleus, mitochondria & chloroplastschloroplasts•Single membrane e.g.: GA, ER & lysosomes
Cell wallsRigid formed from glycoproteins (mainly murein)
•Fungi: rigid, formed from polysaccharide, chitin. •Plant: rigid, formed from polysaccharides. E.g.: cellulose. •Animals no cell wall
Ribosome’s 70s 80s
Prokaryotic Cells� No membrane bound nucleus� Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration� Organelles not bound by membranes
Struktur :
DNA & RNA : nukleoidTidak memiliki endomembran, mitokondria dan
T E A C H I N G T E A M
Tidak memiliki endomembran, mitokondria dankloroplas, tetapi punya struktur yang berfungsisama yaitu mesosom dan kromatoforContoh: bakteri dan ganggang biru.
Dinding Sel :
1. Struktur : tersusun atas: polisakarida, lemak, protein.Fungsi : sebagai pelindung, pemberi bentuk tetap dan
terdapat pori-pori sebagai media transport2. Membran plasma:
Struktur: tersusun atas molekul lemak dan protein.Fungsi: sebagaipelindungthdplingkungansekitar, Transport
T E A C H I N G T E A M
Fungsi: sebagaipelindungthdplingkungansekitar, Transport
3. Sitoplasma:Struktur: tersusun atas air, protein, lemak, mineral, dan enzim2.Fungsi: Enzim2, digunkan untuk mencerna makananekstraseluler dan melakukan metabolisme sel.
4. Mesosom :Struktur: terdapat pada membran plasma yang melekuk kedalam membentuk organel sel : mesosom.Fungsi: Sebagai penghasil energiTerdapat enzim: reaksi oksidasi untuk menghasilkan energi.
T E A C H I N G T E A M
5. Ribosom: tempat berlangsungnya sintesis protein.
6. DNA (Asam deoksiribonukleat) : deoxyribonucleic acid.Struktur: merupakan persenyawaan atas gula deoksiribosa, fosfat dan basa2 Nitrogen.Fungsi: sebagai pembawa informasi genetik
T E A C H I N G T E A M
7. RNA (Asam ribonukleat) : ribonucleic acid.Hasil transkripsi (hasil cetakan, hasil kopian) DNA. Membawa kode2 genetik sesuai dengan pesanan DNA
• Dinding sel pada sel prokariotik (bakteri) tersusun ataspeptidoglikan, yang berfungsi sebagai pelindung sel darilingkungan luar dan juga mencegah sel pecah (sitolisis)akibat tekanan osmotik melawan lingkungan yanghipotonik.
• Kromosompadaselprokariotikberbentuksirkular• Kromosompadaselprokariotikberbentuksirkular
• Sel prokariotik memiliki DNA extrachromosomal yangdisebut PLASMID, yang berfungsi sebagai daya tahanterhadap antibiotik.
Prokaryote Characteristics (review)
� Cell wall
� Why does a cell wall benefit a free-living organism?
� Gram Positive: Thick PG layer / no outer layer
� Gram Negative: Multi -layered & complex cell wall. � Gram Negative: Multi -layered & complex cell wall. Thin PG layer surrounded by a lipopolysaccharidemembrane.
**Penicillin inhibits the development of peptidoglycan. Which bacterial type is more affected by penicillin?
** Tears, mucous, and saliva contain ______ that dissolve bacterial cell walls away.
Prokaryote Characteristics (review)
� Capsule: Some bacteria develop a jelly-like coating surrounding the cell wall.
� Four functions:� Four functions:� Prevents the cell from drying out
� Helps the cells to stick to surfaces
� Helps prokaryotes to slide on surfaces
� Keep bacteria form being destroyed by host organism
Prokaryote Characteristics (review)
� Flagella� Used for motility
� Spin like propellers
� Structurally different than eukaryotic flagellaStructurally different than eukaryotic flagella
� What is the difference?
� Pili� Short, bristle appendages with two functions
• Attach bacteria to surfaces
• Assist in transfer of DNA during conjugation