Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesDifferences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cellsBacterial cells also contain flagellum, plasmid and capsule.Feature Prokaryote EukaryoteSize Small about 0.5 micrometers Up to 40 micrometersGenetic materialCircular DNA (in ctoplasm!DNA in form of linear c"romosomes ( in nucleus!Organelles#e$ present, none membrane bound%an organelles&'Double membranes e.g.& nucleus, mitoc"ondria ( c"loroplasts'Single membrane e.g.& )A, *+ ( lsosomes Cell walls+igid formed from glcoproteins (mainl murein!'#ungi& rigid, formed from polsacc"aride, c"itin. ',lant& rigid, formed from polsacc"arides. *.g.& cellulose. 'Animals no cell $all Ribosomes -0s .0sCell Organelles'Organelle= little organ'Found only inside eukaryotic cells'All the stuf in between the organelles is cytosol'Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasmCell Membrane'oundary o! the cell'"ade o! a phospholipid bilayer#he fuid mosaic model describes the structure o! the plasma membrane$%iferent &inds o! cell membrane models have been proposed' and one o! the most use!ul is the Fluid(mosaic model$ )n this model the membrane is seen as a bilayer o! phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded$ An illustration o! the Fluid mosaic model

Channels/pores/ A c"annel in t"e cell0s plasma membrane. 1"is c"annel is made up of certain proteins $"ose function is to control t"e mo2ement of food and $ater into t"e cell. 1"ese c"annels are made up of certain proteins.Nucleus'Control center o! the cell'Contains DNA'*urrounded by a double membrane'+sually the easiest organelle to see under a microscope'+sually one per cell'he centrosome! also calle" the #microtubule organizing center#! is an area in the cell where microtubles are pro"uce"$ '%ithin an animal cellcentrosome there is a pair o& small organelles! the centrioles! each ma"e up o& a ring o& nine groups o& microtubules$ here are three &use" microtubules in each group$ 'he two centrioles are arrange" such that one is perpen"icular to the other$''uring animal cell "i(ision! the centrosome "i(i"es an" the centrioles replicate )make new copies*$ he result is two centrosomes! each with its own pair o& centrioles$ he two centrosomes mo(e to opposite en"s o& the nucleus! an" &rom each centrosome! microtubules grow into a #spin"le# which is responsible &or separating replicate" chromosomes into the two "aughter cells$CentrosomeCytoskeleton'Acts as skeleton and muscle',rovides shape and structure'-elps move organelles around the cell'"ade o! three types o! .lamentsEndoplasmic Reticulum'A$&$a$ E/'Connected to nuclear membrane'-ighway o! the cell'/ough E/0 studded with ribosomes1 it ma&es proteins'*mooth E/0 no ribosomes1 it ma&es lipidsRibosome'*ite o! protein synthesis'Found attached to rough E/ or 2oating !ree in cytosol',roduced in a part o! the nucleus called the nucleolus1"at loo3s familiar4$"at is a1"at loo3s familiar4$"at is a polypepti"e polypepti"e5 5Golgi Apparatus'3oo&s li&e a stac& o! plates'*tores' modi.es and pac&ages proteins'"olecules transported to and !rom the 4olgi by means o! vesiclesLysosomes'4arbage disposal o! the cell'Contain digestive en5ymes that brea& down wastes%hich organelles "o lysosomes work with+'6sosomes function as t"e cell0s reccling compartment.' 6sosomes recei2e cellular and endoctosed proteins and lipids t"at need digesting. '1"e metabolites t"at result are transported eit"er b 2esicles or directl across t"e membrane. Steps in lysosomal formation(1) The ER and Golgi apparatus make a lysosome(2) (a) The lysosome fuses with a digestive vacuole(b) ctivated acid (!) hydrolases digest the contentsMitochondria',owerhouse o! the cell'Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy !or the cell to use'ound by a double membrane'-as its own strand o! %6AChloroplast'Found only in plant cells'Contains the green pigment chlorophyll'*ite o! !ood 7glucose8 production'ound by a double membraneCell Wall'Found in plant and bacterial cells'/igid' protective barrier'3ocated outside o! the cell membrane'"ade o! cellulose 7.ber8

Cell wall , Plasmo"esmata'7n addition to cell membranes, plants "a2e cell $alls. Cell $allspro2ide protection and support for plants. 'Unli3e cell membranes materials cannot get t"roug" cell $alls. 1"is $ould be a problem for plant cells if not for special openings called plasmodesmata.'1"ese openings are used to communicate and transport materials bet$een plant cells because t"e cell membranes are able touc" and t"erefore e8c"ange needed materials.Vacuoles'3arge central vacuole usually in plant cells'"any smaller vacuoles in animal cells'*torage container !or water' !ood' en5ymes' wastes' pigments' etc$9"at tpe of microscope ma "a2e been used to ta3e t"is picture5Centriole'Aids in cell division'+sually !ound only in animal cells'"ade o! microtubules%here else ha(e we talke" about microtubules+ '1"is term literall means :small 2essel:. '1"is organelle "elps store and transport products produced b t"e cell. '1"e 2esicles are t"e transport and deli2er 2e"icles li3e our mail and#ederal *8press truc3s. 'Some 2esicles deli2er materials to parts of t"e cell and ot"ers transport materials outside t"e cell in a process called e8octosis-esicles9cilia are thread(li&e pro:ections o! certain cells that beat in a regular !ashion to create currents that sweep materials along1

Cilia#lagella ma e8tend to t"e rear of a cell and pus" it for$ard b sna3eli3e $riggling, or stic3 out in front and dra$ it along.9e "umans possess bot" flagella and cilia. *ac" sperm cell is propelled b a trailing flagellum t"at accelerates t"e little torpedo for$ard in its ;uest to fertili