Cell Membranes
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Transcript of Cell Membranes
Cell Membrane
sWhat’s wrong with this
picture?
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/osmolality-and-osmo-gap/deck/1598495
The Plasma Membrane
Membranes• Cells separate “inside and outside” with
lipid barriers called membranes.• Organelle membranes separate too.• Limits passage of polar substances.• Protein channels allow specific passage.BILL: What is the difference between polar
and charged?
What passes freely?
• Small, uncharged polar molecules
• Small nonpolar molecules like N2
• Model simple diffusion
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/biology-172-lecture-7-flashcards/deck/124266
Cell Walls• Are outside the
membrane
• Structural
• Plant cell walls are made of cellulose
• Prokaryotes and fungi also have cell walls.
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/walls.html
Phospholipid Bilayer•This represents a phospholipid-
•The tails are fatty acid, the head, phosphorylated alcohol
•These form a sheet two molecules thick.
Polar head-Hydrophilic-label
Nonpolar tail-Hydrophobic-label
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid
Why the embedded cholesterol?
Increase or decrease fluidity depending on temperature.(Decreases fluidity when warm, increases fluidity when cold…keeps membranes fluid at very cold temperatures)
What might a membrane in an arctic dweller look like?
Membrane ProteinsFunction in
•Transport-•Enzyme•Surface receptors•ID Markers•Cell-cell connection•Attachment
http://www.pc.maricopa.edu/Biology/pfinkenstadt/BIO201/201LessonBuilder/UnitOne/Membrane/index.html
Embedded Proteins
• Can be hydrophilic with charges and polar side groups or…
• Hydrophobic, with nonpolar
Place your proteins in the membrane.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect08.htm
Anchoring in the membrane
What could keep proteins in the membrane?
Transmembrane Proteins
•Carriers- change shape–Active and passive transport
–Sodium potassium pump
•Channels- –are tunnels through the hydrophobic core
•Receptors–Transmit information from the outside of the cell
–Hormone receptors, neurotransmitters.
What needs a channel?
Hydrophilic substance like large polar molecules and ions
http://www.cipsm.de/en/publications/researchAreaF/2007/index.html
Carrier proteins
•Holds ion or molecule•Changes shape•To move something across the membrane
Green ball is one K+ in
a potassium pump
Campbelll p 125 8th edition.
Have you seen shape changes before?
Aquaporins
•Channel Protein•Each aquaporin allows 3 billion water molecules per second to pass into the cell single file.
http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/water.channels.htm
What might the positively charged region do?
Receptor Proteins
•Example:–G protein linked receptor
–neurotransmitter
Cell Surface Markers• Glycoproteins- a carbohydrate combined
with a protein. Add a carbohydrate chain to a protein embedded in the membrane. Add and label
Important in the self recognition.Recognized by the immune system.
• Glycolipid- a carbohydrate combined with a lipid . Add a carbohydrate to a lipid. Add and label.
Important in tissue recognition.Example is blood group marker.
Cell surface markersGlycocalyx- “Sugar coating”
•Glycoproteins- “self” recognition
The protein/carbohydrate chain shape is different person to person. For example, the major histocompatibility complex proteins are recognized by the immune system.
•Glycolipids-tissue recognition
The lipid/carbohydrate chain
shape is specific for a certain
tissue. For example blood group
markers.
Me You
Transport ModesThrough the cell membrane
• Passive - Down the concentration gradient-primary role in importing resources and exporting waste
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion- membrane proteins help charged and polar molecules pass.
3. Osmosis
• Active- Against the concentration gradient. Energy requiring. Requires membrane proteins.
1. Endocytosis/Exocytosis
2. Na+/K+ Pump
3. Proton Pump
Diffusion
•Often by Ion Channels•Direction of movement determined by
–Relative concentration
–Voltage
•Each channel is specific for one or a few ions•Nervous system
Facilitated Diffusion
•Carrier Proteins•Specific also•Bind/release•Moves things down the concentration gradient•Passive transport•Can become saturated
Active Transport
•Uses Energy •Moves things against the gradient•Na/K Pump•Coupled Transport
–Gradients created by one process can power another
Sodium Potassium Pump
• Cytoplasmic Na+ binds (high affinity in this shape).
• Na+ binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP
• Phosphorylation causes shape change, lower Na+ affinity, now high K+ affinity.
• The K+ binding causes phosphate to be released
• Phosphate release causes shape to return. Now low K+ affinity,
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
•Exocytosis-internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release large macromolecules out of the cell.
•Endocytosis-cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
Bulk Transport
•Endocytosis–Phagocytosis-particulate
–Pinocytosis-liquid
–Receptor-Mediated endocytosis
–Clathrin coated pits bind to specific molecules.
Bulk Transport
•Exocytosis–Neurotransmitter discharge
–Hormone secretion
–Digestion enzymes
http://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/pictures/endoexo.jpg
Explain the diagram.
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized By Membranes
These special areas let things happen by…
• Minimizing competing interactions
• Increasing surface area where reactions can occur
• Compartmentalizing metabolic processes and enzymatic reactions.
• Examples: Endoplasmic Reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplast, Golgi, nuclear envelope
• Archaea and Bacteria generally lack internal membranes and organelles.
Protein Pieces