Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

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Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support

Transcript of Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Page 1: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support

Page 2: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Plant vs Animal Cells.Plant vs Animal Cells.

Page 3: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Plant Cells.Plant Cells. Plant cells have rigid and thick Plant cells have rigid and thick

cell wallscell walls. These walls . These walls ______________ the plant cell and the plant cell and help the cell maintain its help the cell maintain its _________________. (The . (The polysaccharide cellulose is used polysaccharide cellulose is used in the construction of plant cell in the construction of plant cell walls.)walls.)

________________ such as such as chromoplast and photosynthetic chromoplast and photosynthetic chloroplasts are found in plant chloroplasts are found in plant cells.cells.

A large central A large central _________________ is found in mature plant cells. is found in mature plant cells. Enzymes in the vacuole can be Enzymes in the vacuole can be used for digestion or the uptake used for digestion or the uptake of water to increase plant cell of water to increase plant cell size.size.

Page 4: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Pla

stid

sPla

stid

s These are the organelles

These are the organelles

that are similar to

that are similar to chlorophyll in their

chlorophyll in their ______________________

______________________

abilitiesabilities. They can occur in

. They can occur in

bands or as a random

bands or as a random

distribution of granular

distribution of granular

massesmasses Not found in animals

Not found in animals

Page 5: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Pla

stid

sPla

stid

s

Plastids can function as

Plastids can function as

chemical factories and

chemical factories and

____________________

____________________ for for

food and color pigments

food and color pigments

Plastids are the site of

Plastids are the site of

photosynthesis in

photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells A A chloroplast is one

chloroplast is one

form of a plastid

form of a plastid Other forms of plastids

Other forms of plastids

include include ____________________

____________________

(color pigment) and

(color pigment) and

______________________

______________________

(white pigment or

(white pigment or storage for starch)

storage for starch)

Page 6: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Chlo

ropla

sts

Chlo

ropla

sts

- - Convert solar energy to

Convert solar energy to

chemical energy in sugar

chemical energy in sugar

molecules.molecules.- Internal structure is much

- Internal structure is much

more successful than

more successful than

anything yet produced by

anything yet produced by

human ingenuity.

human ingenuity.

Page 7: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Internal membranes partition a

Internal membranes partition a

chloroplast into three major

chloroplast into three major

compartments:

compartments: 1. _______________________________

2. _______________________________

- between outer and inner

- between outer and inner

membranes of chloroplast

membranes of chloroplast

3. _______________________________

- space enclosed by

- space enclosed by

intermembrane space contains thick

intermembrane space contains thick

fluid called

fluid called stroma and a network of

and a network of

tubules and hollow disks formed of

tubules and hollow disks formed of

membranes

membranes- - granum (plural grana)

(plural grana)

occurs in stacks and are the

occurs in stacks and are the

chloroplasts’ solar power packs

chloroplasts’ solar power packs

- The individual ‘blocks’ that

- The individual ‘blocks’ that

make up a granum are called

make up a granum are called

thylakoids- The collective inner

- The collective inner

membrane space of a chloroplast is

membrane space of a chloroplast is

referred to as a

referred to as a lumen or specifically

or specifically

a thylakoid lumen

a thylakoid lumen

Chlo

ropla

sts

Chlo

ropla

sts

Page 8: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Mit

och

ondri

a

Mit

och

ondri

a

FunctionFunction- - make ATP energy from

make ATP energy from

cellular respiration

cellular respiration sugar + Osugar + O

22 ATP ATP fuels the work of life

fuels the work of life

StructureStructure- __________ membrane

- __________ membrane ATP

in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells

Page 9: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Mit

och

ondri

a

Mit

och

ondri

a

(sin

gula

r –

(sin

gula

r –

mit

och

ondri

on)

mit

och

ondri

on)

TheThe ___________________________________ of of

the cellthe cell Carry out processes of cellular

Carry out processes of cellular

respiration in which the chemical

respiration in which the chemical

energy of foods

energy of foods such as sugars

such as sugars is is

converted to

converted to the chemical energy of a

the chemical energy of a

cellular fuel molecule called

cellular fuel molecule called ATPATP

(adenosine triphosphate)

(adenosine triphosphate)

Page 10: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Mit

och

ondri

a

Mit

och

ondri

a

Is enclosed by two membranes but only has

Is enclosed by two membranes but only has

two compartments:

two compartments: •• _________________ membrane

encloses the second compartment

encloses the second compartment

containing fluid called a

containing fluid called a mitochondrial

_____________ where many of the

chemical reactions of cellular respiration

occur• • folds called ______________ (contain

enzyme molecules that make ATP)

greatly increase the membrane’s surface

area and enhancing the mitochondria’s

ability to produce ATP• • Mitochondria can self-replicate and adapt

to the demands of the tissue the cell is in

- has its own DNA- Scientists hypothesize that millions of

years ago, free-living prokaryotes were

engulfed, but not digested by larger

prokaryotes

Page 11: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Mit

och

ondri

a a

re

Mit

och

ondri

a a

re

in b

oth

cells

in b

oth

cells

!!!!animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

mitochondriamitochondriachloroplastchloroplast

Mitochondria are in both cells!!

Page 12: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

MitochondriaMitochondria make energy from _______________ + Omake energy from _______________ + O22

cellular _____________________cellular _____________________ sugar + Osugar + O2 2 ATP ATP

ChloroplastsChloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlightmake energy + sugar from sunlight

____________________________________________________

sunlight + COsunlight + CO22 ATP & sugar ATP & sugar

ATP = ___________________ energyATP = ___________________ energy

sugar = _________________ energysugar = _________________ energy

build leaves & roots & fruit build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugarsout of the sugars

Plants make Plants make energy two energy two

waysways!!

Page 13: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Page 14: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

Page 15: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Str

uct

ura

l Support

Str

uct

ura

l Support

of

Cells

com

es

of

Cells

com

es

from

the

from

the

Cyto

skele

ton

Cyto

skele

ton

A supportive meshwork

A supportive meshwork

of fine fibers that

of fine fibers that extend throughout the

extend throughout the

cytoplasmcytoplasm Three fibers make up

Three fibers make up

the cytoskeleton:

the cytoskeleton: microfilaments

microfilaments (thinnest), (thinnest), microtubules (thickest),

microtubules (thickest),

and intermediate

and intermediate filaments (in between

filaments (in between

thickness)thickness)

Page 16: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Microtubules and Microtubules and Microfilaments.Microfilaments.

Microfilaments.Microfilaments.

Intermediate Intermediate FilamentsFilaments

MicrotubulesMicrotubules

Page 17: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments Solid Solid helical rods composed composed

of a of a globular protein called called __________________

Usually forms in a Usually forms in a twisted double chain of actin of actin moleculesmolecules

Can help cells Can help cells change _________ and ________________ by assembling at one end and by assembling at one end and disassembling at the other in disassembling at the other in a form of amoeboid crawlinga form of amoeboid crawling

Microfilaments can interact Microfilaments can interact with protein filaments such as with protein filaments such as the protein myosin in muscle the protein myosin in muscle cells that cells that aid in muscle aid in muscle contractioncontraction

Page 18: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Inte

rmedia

te

Inte

rmedia

te

Mic

rofila

ments

Mic

rofila

ments

Made of Made of ________________

proteins rather than

rather than

globular ones and have a

globular ones and have a

ropelike structure structure Serve mainly as

Serve mainly as __________________ rods for for

bearing tension

bearing tension Also help Also help ____________________

organelles such as the

such as the

nucleolus being held in

nucleolus being held in

place by a ‘cage’ of

place by a ‘cage’ of

intermediate filaments

intermediate filaments

Page 19: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Mic

rotu

bule

s

Mic

rotu

bule

s

Straight, Straight, hollow tubules

that provide

that provide _________________ for for

organelles and to act as

organelles and to act as

______________ along which

along which

organelles can move

organelles can move

within the cytoplasm

within the cytoplasm A lysosome might move

A lysosome might move

along a microtubule to

along a microtubule to

reach a food vacuole

reach a food vacuoleMay May serve as a guide for

serve as a guide for

chromosomes when cells

chromosomes when cells

dividedivide, and are the basis

, and are the basis

for ciliary and flagellar

for ciliary and flagellar

movementmovement

Page 20: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Cilia

and

Cilia

and

Fla

gellum

Move

Fla

gellum

Move

When

When

Mic

rotu

bule

s B

end

Mic

rotu

bule

s B

end

Cilia and flagellum

Cilia and flagellum have similar structure

have similar structure

and mechanisms of

and mechanisms of

movementmovementCilia are generally

Cilia are generally _____________ and

and occur in occur in _____________

numbersnumbers Flagellum are typically

Flagellum are typically

_____________ and less and less

numerousnumerousComposed of a core of

Composed of a core of

microtubules wrapped

microtubules wrapped

in an extension of the

in an extension of the

plasma membrane

plasma membrane

Page 21: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Cilia

and

Cilia

and

Flagellu

mFla

gellu

m

Page 22: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Pla

nt

Cell

Wall

Pla

nt

Cell

Wall

Str

uct

ure

Str

uct

ure Plasma membrane

Secondary cell wall

Primary cell wall

(cellulose)

Middle lamella

(pectin)

Page 23: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Animal Cell.Animal Cell. Animal cells can Animal cells can

have flagellum while have flagellum while plant cells (with a plant cells (with a few exceptions) lack few exceptions) lack flagellum.flagellum.

Animal cells also Animal cells also have have centriolescentrioles that that are not found in plant are not found in plant cells. (Centrioles are cells. (Centrioles are used in mitosis to used in mitosis to help construct the help construct the mitotic spindle.)mitotic spindle.)

_____________ vacuole vacuole

Page 24: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Cell Surfaces Support, Protect, and Join Cell Surfaces Support, Protect, and Join CellsCells(FYI)(FYI)

Most cells have more than just a plasma membrane Most cells have more than just a plasma membrane surrounding it to protect it from its environmentsurrounding it to protect it from its environment

In plants, In plants, rigid cell walls not only protect the cells but rigid cell walls not only protect the cells but provide skeletal support that keeps the plants upright on provide skeletal support that keeps the plants upright on landland and are typically 10-100 ties thicker than plasma and are typically 10-100 ties thicker than plasma membranes. The cells walls are composed mainly of the membranes. The cells walls are composed mainly of the polysaccharide cellulose embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharide cellulose embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteinspolysaccharides and proteins

Some plant cell walls also contain a multilayered Some plant cell walls also contain a multilayered arrangement of polysaccharides that work to ‘glue’ arrangement of polysaccharides that work to ‘glue’ adjacent cells together such as in woodadjacent cells together such as in wood

To communicate with adjacent cells, plants must have To communicate with adjacent cells, plants must have some type of cell junctions (example is some type of cell junctions (example is plasmodesmataplasmodesmata [singular plasmodesma] that are a [singular plasmodesma] that are a small channelsmall channel between between adjacent plant cells and function to allow plant tissues to adjacent plant cells and function to allow plant tissues to share water, nourishment, and chemical messages)share water, nourishment, and chemical messages)

Animal cells are generally more flexibleAnimal cells are generally more flexible than plant cells and than plant cells and are usually covered by a sticky layer of polysaccharides and are usually covered by a sticky layer of polysaccharides and proteins that helps hold tissues together in tissues (lining of proteins that helps hold tissues together in tissues (lining of digestive tract helps prevent stomach cells from being digestive tract helps prevent stomach cells from being broken apart from enzymes and acids used for digestion)broken apart from enzymes and acids used for digestion)

Page 25: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Cell JunctionsCell Junctions

Cells are connected by cell Cells are connected by cell junctions that come in three junctions that come in three different types: different types:

_________________ junctions attach adjacent cells to each attach adjacent cells to each other or to an extracellular other or to an extracellular matrix (substance which matrix (substance which tissue is embedded) allow tissue is embedded) allow materials to pass along the materials to pass along the spaces between cellsspaces between cells

_________________ junctions bind cells together forming a bind cells together forming a leak proof sheet such as in leak proof sheet such as in the digestive tractthe digestive tract

_________________ junctions are channels similar to are channels similar to plasmodesmata in plants by plasmodesmata in plants by allowing water and other allowing water and other small molecules to flow small molecules to flow between neighboring cells between neighboring cells (example is in embryos (example is in embryos where communication and where communication and flow of nutrients is necessary flow of nutrients is necessary for sustaining life)for sustaining life)

Page 26: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Cell SurfacesCell Surfaces In plant cells, small In plant cells, small

openings called openings called plasmodesmata aid aid in in _________________ with other cells and with other cells and the environmentthe environment

Chemicals and Chemicals and ______________ are are taken through these taken through these openings and openings and ______________ are are removedremoved

Page 27: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

All L

ife F

orm

s on

All L

ife F

orm

s on

Eart

h S

hare

Eart

h S

hare

Fundam

enta

l

Fundam

enta

l Featu

res

Featu

res

Life forms consist of

cells, each enclosed by a

, each enclosed by a

membrane that maintains

membrane that maintains

internal conditions very

internal conditions very

different from its

different from its surroundings

surroundingsHaving DNA as a genetic

as a genetic

materialmaterialCarrying out

metabolism, which , which

involves the inter-

involves the inter-conversion of different

conversion of different

forms of energy and of

forms of energy and of

chemical materials

chemical materials

Page 28: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Cell

Com

munic

ati

on a

nd

Cell

Com

munic

ati

on a

nd

Rela

tionsh

ips

Rela

tionsh

ips

For

Main

tain

ing L

ife O

verv

iew

For

Main

tain

ing L

ife O

verv

iew

Page 29: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

Cate

gori

zing C

ell

Cate

gori

zing C

ell

Str

uct

ure

wit

h

Str

uct

ure

wit

h

Funct

ion

Funct

ion

Category 1 – Manufacture

• • Includes not only synthesis of molecules but also

Includes not only synthesis of molecules but also

transport within the cell

transport within the cell

• • Structure depends heavily on a network of

Structure depends heavily on a network of

metabolically active membranes

metabolically active membranes

Category 2 – Breakdown

• • Includes three organelles that break down and

Includes three organelles that break down and

recycle materials harmful or no longer needed to

recycle materials harmful or no longer needed to

the cellthe cell• • All organelles are composed of single membranous

All organelles are composed of single membranous

sacs, inside which materials can be broken down

sacs, inside which materials can be broken down

Category 3 – Energy Processing

• • Two organelles utilized in energy production

Two organelles utilized in energy production

• • Expanses of metabolically active membranes within

Expanses of metabolically active membranes within

the organelle make it possible to perform complex

the organelle make it possible to perform complex

energy conversions that power the cell

energy conversions that power the cell

Category 4 – Support, Movement, and

Communication Between Cells

• • For movement to occur, there must be a rigid support

For movement to occur, there must be a rigid support

against which a force can be applied and

against which a force can be applied and

communication between these surfaces interact

communication between these surfaces interact

with one another, forming a communication

with one another, forming a communication

• • These four categories of organelles form an

These four categories of organelles form an

integrated team and the properties of life at the

integrated team and the properties of life at the

cellular level emerge from the coordinated

cellular level emerge from the coordinated

functions of the team members

functions of the team members

Page 30: Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support Plant vs Animal Cells.

End of Cell Structure and Function