Cell Division. Two Parts of Cell Division (1) Mitosis – (2) Cytokinesis.
Cell Division PPT 4 notes page - 7TH GRADE...
Transcript of Cell Division PPT 4 notes page - 7TH GRADE...
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CellDivision
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Celldivisionoccursinaseriesofstages,orphases.
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Interphase•OccursBEFOREmitosisbegins•DNAiscopiedanddoubles.•DNAappearsasthreadlikecoils(chromatin)atthestart,buteachcopychangestosisterchromatidsandareconnectedbyacentromerebytheendofthisphase.• Interphaseisaperiodofgrowthanddevelopment(cellsspendmostoftheirlivesinthisphase)
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centromere
Chromosome
Sisterchromatids
Chromosomes::• Every organism (species) has a
specific and unique number of chromosomes their cells.o Humans: 46 chromosomeso Dog: 78 chromosomeso Goldfish: 94 chromosomeso Lettuce: 18 chromosomes
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THISMARKSTHEENDOFINTERPHASE
• Mitosisisaseparatesetofphasesthatoccursafterinterphase.• Celldivisionbeginsafter interphase.• Mitosis isthefirstpartofcelldivision.Inmitosis,thenucleus divides
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MITOSIS BEGINS(PMAT)
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Prophase(“earlier”/“before”)•Centriolesappearandbegintomovetooppositeendsofcell(poles)•Spindlefibersformbetweenthepoles
centriole
Spindlefibers
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Metaphase(middlephase)
• Sisterchromatidsattachtothespindlefibersandlineupinthemiddleofthecell(attheequator).
equator
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Anaphase(apart)
•Chromatidsseparateandbegintomovetooppositeendsofthecell
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Telophase
•Twonewnucleiform•Chromosomesappearaschromatin(threadsratherthanrods)
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MITOSISENDS
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Cytokinesis•Divisionofthecytoplasm•Actuallybeginswhiletelophaseisending(phasesoverlap)•Mitosisendswhilecytokinesisisunderway.
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Cytokinesis•Thecellmembranemovesinwardtocreatetwodaughtercells,eachwithitsownnucleusandidenticalDNA.• InAnimalcells• “Cleavagefurrow”•Cytoplasmpinchesin.
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Cytokinesis• InPlantcells• “CellPlate”• Formsacrossthecell.
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THISISTHEENDOFCELLDIVISIONTwonewdaugher cellsbegininterphase
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CellCycleSummary:
Note thatmostofthecell’slifeisspentininterphase.
Celldivisionismadeupoftwoparts:mitosis– divisionofthenucleuscytokinesis– divisionofthecytoplasm
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CellDivisionControl
•Somecellslosetheirabilitytocontroltheirrateofcelldivision– theDNAofthesecellshasbecomedamagedorchanged(mutated)•Thesesuper-dividingcellsformmassescalledtumors
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•Benigntumors:notcancerous – thesecellsdonotspreadtootherpartsofthebody
•Malignanttumors:Cancerous- thesecellsbreaklooseandcaninvadeanddestroyhealthytissueinotherpartsofthebody
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APOPTOSIS
• thedeathofcellsthatoccursasanormalandcontrolledpartofanorganism'sgrowthordevelopment.• Notonlydoorganismsneednewcellstobemade,oldcellsalsoneedtobe“retired”orremoved.• Wheneitherthedivisionofcellsortheretiringofcellsdoesnottakeplacenormally,irregularcellgrowthresults• Thesetypesofconditionsleadtocancer.
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• Stage0. Thisisusedtodescribecancerinsitu,whichmeans“inplace.”Stage0cancersarestilllocatedintheplacetheystartedandhavenotinvadednearbytissues.Thisstageofcancerishighlycurable,usuallybyremovingthetumorwithsurgery.• StageI. Thisisusuallyasmallcancerortumorthathasnotgrowndeeplyintonearbytissuesandhasnotspreadtothelymphnodesorotherpartsofthebody.Itisoftencalledearly-stagecancer.• StageIIandIII. Thesestagesindicatecancersortumorsthatarelargerinsize,havegrownmoredeeplyintonearbytissue,andhavespreadtolymphnodes,butnottootherpartsofthebody.• StageIV. Thisstagemeansthatthecancerhasspreadtootherorgansorpartsofthebody.Itmayalsobecalledadvancedormetastaticcancer.
Identifyingthestageshelpsto:• determinetreatment
• predicttheriskofrecurrence